1
00:00:18,120 --> 00:00:08,589
again welcome to Griffith Observatory my

2
00:00:24,580 --> 00:00:22,150
so thank you and welcome you know I've

3
00:00:26,769 --> 00:00:24,590
got low feet back here first I just want

4
00:00:29,499 --> 00:00:26,779
to ask how many of you are members of

5
00:00:31,600 --> 00:00:29,509
the Cassini team are scientists with

6
00:00:33,910 --> 00:00:31,610
Cassini so look around we've got a lot

7
00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:33,920
of scientists here and I think if

8
00:00:44,439 --> 00:00:42,650
there's anybody observes around you our

9
00:00:46,689 --> 00:00:44,449
regulars for all space considered our

10
00:00:49,240 --> 00:00:46,699
Friday night oh we love you so much

11
00:00:52,420 --> 00:00:49,250
thank you for coming back how many of

12
00:00:54,009 --> 00:00:52,430
you are total members and we really love

13
00:00:56,619 --> 00:00:54,019
you so if you want to be really loved

14
00:00:59,560 --> 00:00:56,629
join Friends of the observatory which is

15
00:01:01,960 --> 00:00:59,570
our our our membership organization

16
00:01:03,910 --> 00:01:01,970
which also helps underwrite so many of

17
00:01:06,340 --> 00:01:03,920
our expenses for our program our school

18
00:01:08,440 --> 00:01:06,350
program for all the little children how

19
00:01:10,810 --> 00:01:08,450
can you resist we hope that you will

20
00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:10,820
consider becoming a fun member how about

21
00:01:26,290 --> 00:01:24,760
you don't know this is run by the city

22
00:01:29,800 --> 00:01:26,300
of Los Angeles Department of Recreation

23
00:01:31,570 --> 00:01:29,810
parks and you know no mom cities have a

24
00:01:34,600 --> 00:01:31,580
free beautiful observatory life

25
00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:34,610
observatory to come too so thank you tax

26
00:01:40,360 --> 00:01:37,490
payers then I thank you photo Thank You

27
00:01:43,660 --> 00:01:40,370
Cassini T and the rest of you well we're

28
00:01:45,010 --> 00:01:43,670
glad you're here too ah so anyway I've

29
00:01:46,510 --> 00:01:45,020
already taken up many minutes in the

30
00:01:48,430 --> 00:01:46,520
introduction that I really should just

31
00:01:50,530 --> 00:01:48,440
jump right to the program because we

32
00:01:53,080 --> 00:01:50,540
have such an exciting program tonight it

33
00:01:55,690 --> 00:01:53,090
made me so sad to limit the panel to

34
00:01:58,210 --> 00:01:55,700
just you know a few minutes each go

35
00:01:59,530 --> 00:01:58,220
through because there frankly we could

36
00:02:02,200 --> 00:01:59,540
have a whole evening with each and every

37
00:02:04,300 --> 00:02:02,210
one of these individuals and still be

38
00:02:08,020 --> 00:02:04,310
wanting more there's just been so much

39
00:02:10,719 --> 00:02:08,030
excitement and wonderful science coming

40
00:02:12,460 --> 00:02:10,729
from the Cassini mission so tonight

41
00:02:14,320 --> 00:02:12,470
we're going to get just to hear a little

42
00:02:16,449 --> 00:02:14,330
bit of an overview they happen to be

43
00:02:17,410 --> 00:02:16,459
having their science team meeting at JPL

44
00:02:24,760 --> 00:02:17,420
and

45
00:02:26,410 --> 00:02:24,770
them here I want to make a few kind of

46
00:02:28,449 --> 00:02:26,420
housekeeping announcements and then

47
00:02:30,640 --> 00:02:28,459
introduced our panel and then get out of

48
00:02:33,850 --> 00:02:30,650
the way so you can hear about about the

49
00:02:35,559 --> 00:02:33,860
Cassini mission first announcement is if

50
00:02:37,870 --> 00:02:35,569
you have a cell phone turn it off

51
00:02:40,360 --> 00:02:37,880
the second is if you must leave during

52
00:02:42,910 --> 00:02:40,370
the program please exit out the back I

53
00:02:44,770 --> 00:02:42,920
know this says exit and it is an exit

54
00:02:47,140 --> 00:02:44,780
but it really is only for emergencies

55
00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:47,150
because it goes to this crazy little

56
00:02:53,320 --> 00:02:49,130
place back here that you will get lost

57
00:02:55,990 --> 00:02:53,330
and scared so if we have an emergency we

58
00:03:00,160 --> 00:02:56,000
will lead you out but if you need to

59
00:03:02,979 --> 00:03:00,170
leave back doors are your exit let me

60
00:03:04,660 --> 00:03:02,989
also say that we have a harpist one of

61
00:03:06,190 --> 00:03:04,670
the Cassini team members plays the harp

62
00:03:08,229 --> 00:03:06,200
and she played on the West Terrace today

63
00:03:15,520 --> 00:03:08,239
so if you're here Janet we thank you it

64
00:03:17,110 --> 00:03:15,530
was lovely program but we didn't want to

65
00:03:18,520 --> 00:03:17,120
leave it up on the church so here it is

66
00:03:21,550 --> 00:03:18,530
if you're wondering why there's a harp

67
00:03:24,190 --> 00:03:21,560
and lastly this is being videotaped and

68
00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:24,200
will probably be streamed on the Cassini

69
00:03:29,770 --> 00:03:27,350
team Facebook site so if you don't like

70
00:03:33,670 --> 00:03:29,780
your face to be seen you know just do

71
00:03:35,770 --> 00:03:33,680
this on the camera but you may come in

72
00:03:38,199 --> 00:03:35,780
here you've consented to be taped and

73
00:03:40,840 --> 00:03:38,209
possibly broadcast or webcast on them on

74
00:03:43,330 --> 00:03:40,850
the web so just let you know that we

75
00:03:46,810 --> 00:03:43,340
make sure that your consent is all right

76
00:03:48,819 --> 00:03:46,820
so um I think I am ready to move with

77
00:03:50,530 --> 00:03:48,829
the introductions and so if I kind of

78
00:03:53,050 --> 00:03:50,540
ask our panel to come up and you have a

79
00:03:55,390 --> 00:03:53,060
seat this is my chair so you can take

80
00:03:57,370 --> 00:03:55,400
those five and I will start with the

81
00:03:59,199 --> 00:03:57,380
introductions and this is so

82
00:04:00,789 --> 00:03:59,209
embarrassing because no HOF to all look

83
00:04:04,809 --> 00:04:00,799
at their pictures because I got them off

84
00:04:06,250 --> 00:04:04,819
the web our first panelist is Kevin

85
00:04:09,069 --> 00:04:06,260
Bane's who is at Jet Propulsion

86
00:04:11,199 --> 00:04:09,079
Laboratory and has been there since 1984

87
00:04:13,240 --> 00:04:11,209
first as a research scientist and now as

88
00:04:15,599 --> 00:04:13,250
a principal scientist he's worked on

89
00:04:18,460 --> 00:04:15,609
many different missions Venus Express

90
00:04:20,409 --> 00:04:18,470
Galileo and he's the Venus Earth Jupiter

91
00:04:21,550 --> 00:04:20,419
atmospheric science coordinator I

92
00:04:25,000 --> 00:04:21,560
thought that was on like such an

93
00:04:26,420 --> 00:04:25,010
intriguing title he's now of course with

94
00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:26,430
the Cassini mission he's going to be

95
00:04:30,980 --> 00:04:29,250
telling us all about the actual planet

96
00:04:32,270 --> 00:04:30,990
we can't forget about Saturn with all

97
00:04:33,800 --> 00:04:32,280
they were saying are though those rings

98
00:04:36,350 --> 00:04:33,810
and moons they get all the glory but

99
00:04:39,529 --> 00:04:36,360
Saturn is the real has all the gravitas

100
00:04:41,270 --> 00:04:39,539
as we said and this is a real show in

101
00:04:43,760 --> 00:04:41,280
town please any telling us about that he

102
00:04:46,580 --> 00:04:43,770
got his PhD in physics from Washington

103
00:04:48,950 --> 00:04:46,590
University wendice filter is our next

104
00:04:50,840 --> 00:04:48,960
speaker and she's done she's the deputy

105
00:04:53,240 --> 00:04:50,850
project scientist for Cassini she's been

106
00:04:56,480 --> 00:04:53,250
with a mission since nineteen that's a

107
00:05:01,610 --> 00:04:56,490
1980 oh is that my hand right 1990 I

108
00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:01,620
can't read my own writing 1990 uh-oh

109
00:05:11,600 --> 00:05:08,490
yes madam ha ha ha Wow and and is before

110
00:05:14,960 --> 00:05:11,610
that worked on Voyager and as both in

111
00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:14,970
infrared and also photo polarimetry and

112
00:05:21,620 --> 00:05:16,770
she got her PhD from right here in

113
00:05:22,730 --> 00:05:21,630
Southern California UCLA and we're happy

114
00:05:24,200 --> 00:05:22,740
to have her here she's here to talk

115
00:05:27,920 --> 00:05:24,210
about brain maybe someone who had seen

116
00:05:30,980 --> 00:05:27,930
her on TV she'd I've seen her lovely job

117
00:05:34,610 --> 00:05:30,990
Tallis at gumball see who is our the

118
00:05:36,589 --> 00:05:34,620
magnetic or the magnetosphere scientist

119
00:05:38,390 --> 00:05:36,599
he is the Rollins cursed soccer

120
00:05:40,610 --> 00:05:38,400
professor of engineering University of

121
00:05:42,230 --> 00:05:40,620
Michigan and the chairman of the

122
00:05:44,300 --> 00:05:42,240
atmospheric Oceanic and Space Sciences

123
00:05:46,430 --> 00:05:44,310
Department he's the director of the

124
00:05:48,230 --> 00:05:46,440
center for space environment modeling

125
00:05:50,779 --> 00:05:48,240
and I understand just learned who's been

126
00:05:52,510 --> 00:05:50,789
working with other planetary ins to do

127
00:05:56,210 --> 00:05:52,520
some beautiful visualizations for

128
00:05:59,480 --> 00:05:56,220
planetarium shows his his Hungarian by

129
00:06:01,189 --> 00:05:59,490
birth and actually worked with the wants

130
00:06:02,210 --> 00:06:01,199
a Panera as opposed to Ventura but I

131
00:06:05,659 --> 00:06:02,220
actually don't know the proper

132
00:06:07,879 --> 00:06:05,669
pronunciation better venue then there

133
00:06:09,710 --> 00:06:07,889
you go which is some of you may remember

134
00:06:12,469 --> 00:06:09,720
the Soviet Union's

135
00:06:15,439 --> 00:06:12,479
missions in the mid 70s to Venus

136
00:06:17,149 --> 00:06:15,449
actually landed on Venus and so he's

137
00:06:19,399 --> 00:06:17,159
been doing long space research for a

138
00:06:20,839 --> 00:06:19,409
long time he's a member of the

139
00:06:23,120 --> 00:06:20,849
International Academy of astronautics

140
00:06:25,689 --> 00:06:23,130
hello the American Geophysical Union

141
00:06:29,330 --> 00:06:25,699
been an editor on many different

142
00:06:31,370 --> 00:06:29,340
scientific journals and a long long list

143
00:06:32,689 --> 00:06:31,380
of awards and service and we're just

144
00:06:42,670 --> 00:06:32,699
thrilled to have him Harry's going to be

145
00:06:51,830 --> 00:06:48,500
one of those gassy planets uh then next

146
00:06:55,700 --> 00:06:51,840
is Amanda Hendricks who is also a JPL

147
00:06:57,890 --> 00:06:55,710
and has been there since or been part of

148
00:07:02,540 --> 00:06:57,900
the team team since 1999 if I'm correct

149
00:07:04,520 --> 00:07:02,550
ah and has got her PhD from University

150
00:07:08,750 --> 00:07:04,530
of Colorado and was a postdoc there as

151
00:07:11,090 --> 00:07:08,760
well she's also involved in many future

152
00:07:12,500 --> 00:07:11,100
oh gosh and skipped over Ray's future

153
00:07:14,120 --> 00:07:12,510
involvements everybody's involved in new

154
00:07:15,920 --> 00:07:14,130
projects after Cassini so I'm going to

155
00:07:19,400 --> 00:07:15,930
have to just get that since I didn't do

156
00:07:22,880 --> 00:07:19,410
it for everyone but she is a

157
00:07:25,490 --> 00:07:22,890
co-investigator for with the ultraviolet

158
00:07:27,440 --> 00:07:25,500
imaging system and the Galileo

159
00:07:32,860 --> 00:07:27,450
ultraviolet spectrometer experiment on

160
00:07:34,940 --> 00:07:32,870
Galileo and she's going to My heavens

161
00:07:36,710 --> 00:07:34,950
forgotten what you're talking about like

162
00:07:38,330 --> 00:07:36,720
satellites good boy how could I forget

163
00:07:41,060 --> 00:07:38,340
enhance those moons I've lacked enough

164
00:07:42,650 --> 00:07:41,070
oh I shouldn't say that satellites have

165
00:07:44,840 --> 00:07:42,660
been getting so much wonderful wonderful

166
00:07:47,510 --> 00:07:44,850
press very exciting and lastly John

167
00:07:49,670 --> 00:07:47,520
Living Jonathan Levine who is professor

168
00:07:51,500 --> 00:07:49,680
of planetary science and physics at the

169
00:07:53,510 --> 00:07:51,510
University of Arizona is a distinguished

170
00:07:54,680 --> 00:07:53,520
visiting scientist at NASA's Jet

171
00:07:55,940 --> 00:07:54,690
Propulsion Laboratory where he's a

172
00:07:57,770 --> 00:07:55,950
member of the director's Advisory

173
00:07:59,570 --> 00:07:57,780
Council he's an interdisciplinary

174
00:08:02,300 --> 00:07:59,580
science on the Cassini mission to Saturn

175
00:08:03,980 --> 00:08:02,310
and an interdisciplinary scientist for

176
00:08:05,990 --> 00:08:03,990
the James Webb telescope which is the

177
00:08:08,659 --> 00:08:06,000
Hubble telescope follow-on he's also

178
00:08:11,480 --> 00:08:08,669
involved with the Juno mission concept

179
00:08:13,340 --> 00:08:11,490
under development and he got his PhD

180
00:08:15,020 --> 00:08:13,350
also here in Southern California at

181
00:08:16,909 --> 00:08:15,030
Caltech and he's an author of many

182
00:08:20,090 --> 00:08:16,919
popular books and fellow of the american

183
00:08:21,980 --> 00:08:20,100
geophysical union and again the list of

184
00:08:24,250 --> 00:08:21,990
honors and awards and chairmanships and

185
00:08:28,219 --> 00:08:24,260
service goes on so we have an incredibly

186
00:08:30,590 --> 00:08:28,229
distinguished panel here today about 12

187
00:08:33,380 --> 00:08:30,600
years ago the Cassini satellite was

188
00:08:37,010 --> 00:08:33,390
launched to Saturn not Jupiter but

189
00:08:42,290 --> 00:08:37,020
Saturn now in 2004 seven-hour seven

190
00:08:44,810 --> 00:08:42,300
hours later seven years later I went or

191
00:08:46,009 --> 00:08:44,820
and I just I just will say on a personal

192
00:08:47,930 --> 00:08:46,019
note I remember that happening because

193
00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:47,940
there was a prediction of when Cassini

194
00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:50,010
should go into orbit and I think it went

195
00:08:53,720 --> 00:08:51,930
or within less than 10 seconds like

196
00:08:57,380 --> 00:08:53,730
three seconds of the predicted time the

197
00:08:59,840 --> 00:08:57,390
engineering was so right on that you

198
00:09:01,970 --> 00:08:59,850
know it gives us some kind of sense that

199
00:09:03,680 --> 00:09:01,980
in fact we know what we're doing and you

200
00:09:06,259 --> 00:09:03,690
know what we're talking about in science

201
00:09:08,690 --> 00:09:06,269
is a very productive way to understand

202
00:09:12,530 --> 00:09:08,700
the universe and interact with it so

203
00:09:14,300 --> 00:09:12,540
it's been there since 2004 and has now

204
00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:14,310
moved into its extended mission and the

205
00:09:17,150 --> 00:09:16,050
equinox mission as they called I'm sure

206
00:09:21,050 --> 00:09:17,160
we'll hear a little bit more about that

207
00:09:23,329 --> 00:09:21,060
and I think that is really all say by

208
00:09:24,650 --> 00:09:23,339
way of introduction so that I can we can

209
00:09:27,079 --> 00:09:24,660
bring everybody up to the same level

210
00:09:29,150 --> 00:09:27,089
we're so glad you're here and with that

211
00:09:33,949 --> 00:09:29,160
I think I will turn this over to you

212
00:09:36,759 --> 00:09:33,959
Kevin and thank you very much you and

213
00:09:41,090 --> 00:09:36,769
the audience have to watch our our

214
00:09:42,949 --> 00:09:41,100
changeover procedures well great well

215
00:09:44,690 --> 00:09:42,959
thanks a lot for having us here really

216
00:09:46,389 --> 00:09:44,700
appreciate this that's my first time

217
00:09:48,170 --> 00:09:46,399
back at this in this area since it was

218
00:09:49,699 --> 00:09:48,180
redesigned I guess the rebuilt looks

219
00:09:51,230 --> 00:09:49,709
really beautiful here I have a lot to

220
00:09:53,600 --> 00:09:51,240
talk about we've done a lot of things at

221
00:09:55,400 --> 00:09:53,610
Saturn since being everett Koop up for

222
00:09:58,810 --> 00:09:55,410
four years now and it's no longer your

223
00:10:01,550 --> 00:09:58,820
father's Saturn it's a whole new center

224
00:10:03,190 --> 00:10:01,560
so you why it is now this is a typical

225
00:10:06,230 --> 00:10:03,200
picture of Saturn here that you've seen

226
00:10:07,760 --> 00:10:06,240
Boyer doing other types of imagers what

227
00:10:09,380 --> 00:10:07,770
we've done this mission is we've got a

228
00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:09,390
number of new instruments that seem

229
00:10:14,090 --> 00:10:11,130
different wavelength ranges so you see

230
00:10:16,310 --> 00:10:14,100
Saturn and a whole new light and reveals

231
00:10:18,590 --> 00:10:16,320
the depths of Saturn as well as things

232
00:10:20,360 --> 00:10:18,600
really high up lacor better than before

233
00:10:22,069 --> 00:10:20,370
so I'll show you that here's a little

234
00:10:23,900 --> 00:10:22,079
tutorial really quick on Jupiter Saturn

235
00:10:26,990 --> 00:10:23,910
Uranus Neptune those are the largest

236
00:10:29,090 --> 00:10:27,000
planets out there so the gas giants

237
00:10:31,220 --> 00:10:29,100
mostly comprised of hydrogen and helium

238
00:10:34,220 --> 00:10:31,230
which is the most abundant materials in

239
00:10:35,269 --> 00:10:34,230
the universe so expect them to be the

240
00:10:36,470 --> 00:10:35,279
most abundant things in the biggest

241
00:10:38,420 --> 00:10:36,480
planets indeed they are

242
00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:38,430
and there's Saturn just a sort of a

243
00:10:43,009 --> 00:10:40,440
little brother of Jupiter but almost the

244
00:10:44,160 --> 00:10:43,019
same size but then down below you've got

245
00:10:45,240 --> 00:10:44,170
earth so if you want to

246
00:10:47,370 --> 00:10:45,250
who thinks of scale there's a little

247
00:10:48,510 --> 00:10:47,380
earth and there's Saturn and Jupiter so

248
00:10:51,630 --> 00:10:48,520
those are really the Lords of the solar

249
00:10:53,220 --> 00:10:51,640
system and but you know all along

250
00:10:55,410 --> 00:10:53,230
supid has gotten most of the credit for

251
00:10:57,960 --> 00:10:55,420
being a dynamic place we've got the the

252
00:10:59,700 --> 00:10:57,970
the red spot here in the lots of storm

253
00:11:01,770 --> 00:10:59,710
system a Jupiter here's poor Saturn not

254
00:11:03,870 --> 00:11:01,780
for camp F are we looking here it is hit

255
00:11:06,390 --> 00:11:03,880
to as a more recent image in the visible

256
00:11:08,430 --> 00:11:06,400
it looks not too exciting and here's a

257
00:11:10,380 --> 00:11:08,440
picture taken a couple years ago with

258
00:11:11,790 --> 00:11:10,390
the visual camera and certainly within a

259
00:11:13,620 --> 00:11:11,800
few seconds of this make your depth

260
00:11:15,420 --> 00:11:13,630
being taken we took another picture in

261
00:11:16,860 --> 00:11:15,430
any ever read and this is what we saw so

262
00:11:17,700 --> 00:11:16,870
you see a whole different perspective to

263
00:11:19,440 --> 00:11:17,710
the planet

264
00:11:22,080 --> 00:11:19,450
lots of features out here were talks

265
00:11:23,610 --> 00:11:22,090
plane in a second and you see a very

266
00:11:24,450 --> 00:11:23,620
building between this Hemisphere and

267
00:11:26,420 --> 00:11:24,460
northern hemisphere the southern

268
00:11:28,350 --> 00:11:26,430
hemisphere tells you a lot of

269
00:11:30,300 --> 00:11:28,360
hemispherical and see some things going

270
00:11:32,250 --> 00:11:30,310
on but all these features in here are

271
00:11:33,780 --> 00:11:32,260
really deep in the atmosphere and most

272
00:11:35,790 --> 00:11:33,790
of us never conceive a more solid show

273
00:11:38,670 --> 00:11:35,800
use highlights of that really quick as

274
00:11:40,710 --> 00:11:38,680
we can prolong here I just think this

275
00:11:42,960 --> 00:11:40,720
pipeline was going on right here is at a

276
00:11:44,610 --> 00:11:42,970
waypoint of five microns that's about

277
00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:44,620
eight times the wavelength you can see

278
00:11:47,970 --> 00:11:46,450
so it's only where heats heat is so

279
00:11:50,820 --> 00:11:47,980
you're looking at the thermal heat of

280
00:11:52,710 --> 00:11:50,830
the planet this planet is so is so deep

281
00:11:54,630 --> 00:11:52,720
that as you go down into the atmosphere

282
00:11:56,010 --> 00:11:54,640
it warms up just like me coming up a

283
00:11:58,200 --> 00:11:56,020
mountain or from different airplane own

284
00:11:59,250 --> 00:11:58,210
differ surfaces earth it gets hotter and

285
00:11:59,610 --> 00:11:59,260
hotter and hotter as you go down to the

286
00:12:01,590 --> 00:11:59,620
surface

287
00:12:03,390 --> 00:12:01,600
if you go down into Saturn deep enough

288
00:12:04,620 --> 00:12:03,400
it gets to be room temperature and then

289
00:12:06,360 --> 00:12:04,630
it gets to be even hotter and you can

290
00:12:08,220 --> 00:12:06,370
get up to several thousand degrees so

291
00:12:09,570 --> 00:12:08,230
there's a glow to the planet and this is

292
00:12:11,760 --> 00:12:09,580
being blocked this close being blocked

293
00:12:14,100 --> 00:12:11,770
by these clouds so in here like black

294
00:12:16,020 --> 00:12:14,110
smudges are clouds in silhouette

295
00:12:17,970 --> 00:12:16,030
basically and these clouds have big

296
00:12:20,520 --> 00:12:17,980
particles with them bigger than the park

297
00:12:21,660 --> 00:12:20,530
as we see up above up here and so we're

298
00:12:23,910 --> 00:12:21,670
seeing a whole different regime of the

299
00:12:24,870 --> 00:12:23,920
planet with this device at five microns

300
00:12:27,690 --> 00:12:24,880
is called the bim's

301
00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:27,700
instrument visual and fred nettinger so

302
00:12:30,960 --> 00:12:29,050
this has allowed us to see deep in the

303
00:12:33,330 --> 00:12:30,970
atmosphere here's a sunlight here you

304
00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:33,340
can see this one's coming over here and

305
00:12:37,350 --> 00:12:35,770
you see very high back here you see it's

306
00:12:40,170 --> 00:12:37,360
night so you don't see it but the gloves

307
00:12:41,730 --> 00:12:40,180
still work so the red thread aspect of

308
00:12:43,260 --> 00:12:41,740
it still comes through day or night so

309
00:12:44,730 --> 00:12:43,270
this technique which allows us to see

310
00:12:46,380 --> 00:12:44,740
deep in the atmosphere allows us to see

311
00:12:48,300 --> 00:12:46,390
both day and night anytime so it's kind

312
00:12:49,980 --> 00:12:48,310
of kind of cool thing to do so explain

313
00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:49,990
that here's some features now there's a

314
00:12:54,480 --> 00:12:52,810
typical visual view of typical type of

315
00:12:55,350 --> 00:12:54,490
high clouds here that we see here's a

316
00:12:57,509 --> 00:12:55,360
ring by the way is there

317
00:13:01,860 --> 00:12:57,519
rings as atmosphere scientists like the

318
00:13:04,110 --> 00:13:01,870
series Johnson and here we have the high

319
00:13:05,550 --> 00:13:04,120
clouds and now a revelation of five

320
00:13:07,110 --> 00:13:05,560
microns there will flex these little

321
00:13:08,940 --> 00:13:07,120
black clouds here blocking the light

322
00:13:10,560 --> 00:13:08,950
these features are very unique we

323
00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:10,570
haven't seen those before and is there a

324
00:13:13,259 --> 00:13:12,250
connection between here and here we

325
00:13:14,759 --> 00:13:13,269
think there are these we're following

326
00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:14,769
these plumes if you think those are

327
00:13:18,990 --> 00:13:17,050
updrafts and to collaborate that we've

328
00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:19,000
also got right our images we've got this

329
00:13:21,780 --> 00:13:20,890
radar which we never had before and we

330
00:13:23,910 --> 00:13:21,790
don't use radars

331
00:13:25,650 --> 00:13:23,920
as the usual standard we soon as the

332
00:13:27,329 --> 00:13:25,660
radar off we don't pay anything we just

333
00:13:28,380 --> 00:13:27,339
let it sit there passively and we're

334
00:13:30,329 --> 00:13:28,390
looking into two centimeter wave

335
00:13:31,980 --> 00:13:30,339
radiations about one inch long

336
00:13:33,690 --> 00:13:31,990
radiation coming coming out of the

337
00:13:35,970 --> 00:13:33,700
planet and it so happens that ammonia

338
00:13:38,130 --> 00:13:35,980
gas absorbs that radiation so if you see

339
00:13:39,449 --> 00:13:38,140
any variability like you do along here

340
00:13:42,090 --> 00:13:39,459
that means it's different amount of

341
00:13:44,009 --> 00:13:42,100
ammonia gases in the atmosphere so we're

342
00:13:46,680 --> 00:13:44,019
seeing ammonia gas bubbles here coming

343
00:13:48,120 --> 00:13:46,690
on up in the atmosphere and they have

344
00:13:49,949 --> 00:13:48,130
the same size with same shape as the

345
00:13:51,180 --> 00:13:49,959
clouds I just showed you the plumes so

346
00:13:53,130 --> 00:13:51,190
we think we've got this unique thing

347
00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:53,140
we've got the bubbles and plumes coming

348
00:13:57,240 --> 00:13:54,610
up showing dramatic up weld nvidia tegra

349
00:13:59,069 --> 00:13:57,250
tore a region of saturn and that then

350
00:14:00,630 --> 00:13:59,079
probably gives you these clouds that

351
00:14:01,920 --> 00:14:00,640
we've always been wondering why is there

352
00:14:03,689 --> 00:14:01,930
more clouds and equator well it's

353
00:14:07,019 --> 00:14:03,699
probably due to that now here's a quick

354
00:14:08,819 --> 00:14:07,029
tour of Saturn Indiana Jones meets

355
00:14:11,250 --> 00:14:08,829
Saturn a second you got to understand

356
00:14:13,050 --> 00:14:11,260
why you say this this is a not your

357
00:14:15,720 --> 00:14:13,060
normal Saturn this is a much more

358
00:14:17,880 --> 00:14:15,730
ominous much more ominous looking Saturn

359
00:14:21,389 --> 00:14:17,890
than you expect in those you can just

360
00:14:23,380 --> 00:14:21,399
thing to work there is no I'll talk

361
00:14:26,230 --> 00:14:23,390
about

362
00:14:28,090 --> 00:14:26,240
so Saturn is no longer boring in my 20

363
00:14:30,160 --> 00:14:28,100
okay here's the hexagon going through

364
00:14:31,720 --> 00:14:30,170
like an axle of a wheel and then beyond

365
00:14:33,730 --> 00:14:31,730
you got the string of pearls going on

366
00:14:34,420 --> 00:14:33,740
here this is a feature puppy very much

367
00:14:36,550 --> 00:14:34,430
of Abitibi

368
00:14:38,590 --> 00:14:36,560
24 lights that are in the atmosphere

369
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:38,600
that have been down there now for four

370
00:14:41,170 --> 00:14:40,010
years we just saw him again

371
00:14:42,880 --> 00:14:41,180
first time we've had a chance look it

372
00:14:44,860 --> 00:14:42,890
said it was a week ago and just driving

373
00:14:46,150 --> 00:14:44,870
over here my postdoc called me said

374
00:14:47,680 --> 00:14:46,160
guess what we still got the pearl so now

375
00:14:49,569 --> 00:14:47,690
we've got our four years of pearls data

376
00:14:51,940 --> 00:14:49,579
there and we don't know what they are

377
00:14:53,889 --> 00:14:51,950
these are so I think in a second if I

378
00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:53,899
got time but it's very bizarre features

379
00:14:56,920 --> 00:14:55,130
we have that we also have done it's

380
00:14:59,019 --> 00:14:56,930
here's a donut going by I say you know

381
00:15:00,430 --> 00:14:59,029
don't be in the atmosphere there were a

382
00:15:02,620 --> 00:15:00,440
lot of D things so I'm gonna keep going

383
00:15:04,300 --> 00:15:02,630
here here's the pearls okay so you lots

384
00:15:06,100 --> 00:15:04,310
of pearls here but only covers about a

385
00:15:07,900 --> 00:15:06,110
quarter the planet so it can't quite be

386
00:15:09,699 --> 00:15:07,910
a total planetary way because doesn't go

387
00:15:12,340 --> 00:15:09,709
around so but they've been there for

388
00:15:14,680 --> 00:15:12,350
four for four years we have no idea so

389
00:15:15,940 --> 00:15:14,690
this number here now 4.2 not 2.8 and

390
00:15:17,230 --> 00:15:15,950
this to show you that they've been there

391
00:15:19,329 --> 00:15:17,240
all the way to the mission every time

392
00:15:20,889 --> 00:15:19,339
we've looked here's a donut let's wait

393
00:15:22,329 --> 00:15:20,899
before all done because this is actually

394
00:15:24,220 --> 00:15:22,339
again you're looking at thermal light so

395
00:15:25,810 --> 00:15:24,230
that's a clearing and then this circular

396
00:15:28,269 --> 00:15:25,820
black thing is a cloud so it's really

397
00:15:31,150 --> 00:15:28,279
like a donut or torus to write a cloud

398
00:15:31,630 --> 00:15:31,160
they are up around 53 degrees north

399
00:15:33,699 --> 00:15:31,640
latitude

400
00:15:35,710 --> 00:15:33,709
here's Dax agon that we got it first

401
00:15:37,210 --> 00:15:35,720
clear view I'll for you about a Voyager

402
00:15:39,790 --> 00:15:37,220
but this little mission because we go up

403
00:15:41,439 --> 00:15:39,800
over the pole we can look down so we get

404
00:15:43,300 --> 00:15:41,449
a very clear view of it and here it is

405
00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:43,310
here's a Sun rising oh here's some Sun

406
00:15:47,889 --> 00:15:45,410
rising this has been in darkness until

407
00:15:49,720 --> 00:15:47,899
recently the equinox just happened so

408
00:15:52,480 --> 00:15:49,730
now it is getting left but up until this

409
00:15:54,250 --> 00:15:52,490
recently it was in total darkness a lot

410
00:15:55,600 --> 00:15:54,260
sex relations for this thing coming out

411
00:15:58,300 --> 00:15:55,610
of the woodwork this is the best

412
00:15:59,560 --> 00:15:58,310
explanation we never the park looking

413
00:16:00,910 --> 00:15:59,570
trying to come up the real explanation

414
00:16:03,850 --> 00:16:00,920
this was in the paper I headed up a

415
00:16:06,430 --> 00:16:03,860
dispute astok anyway so

416
00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:06,440
so now we've got this view here so

417
00:16:10,660 --> 00:16:08,810
here's the actual poll and you to see

418
00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:10,670
this now we're looking at the winds

419
00:16:14,260 --> 00:16:12,410
around X argon but look at in here in

420
00:16:15,850 --> 00:16:14,270
the cyclone as a cyclone feature you see

421
00:16:17,770 --> 00:16:15,860
winds blowing very fast these little

422
00:16:19,030 --> 00:16:17,780
cloud features going very fast here but

423
00:16:21,010 --> 00:16:19,040
look out here these cloud features that

424
00:16:22,690 --> 00:16:21,020
move it off so you have this sort of

425
00:16:23,710 --> 00:16:22,700
well pull affective there's a cyclone at

426
00:16:25,540 --> 00:16:23,720
the pole that we didn't know about

427
00:16:26,740 --> 00:16:25,550
we've now documented it and there's you

428
00:16:29,020 --> 00:16:26,750
can see it visually right there a little

429
00:16:31,540 --> 00:16:29,030
whirlpool at the North Pole

430
00:16:33,490 --> 00:16:31,550
let's go skip over this that was a

431
00:16:34,240 --> 00:16:33,500
hurricane on the earth compared to

432
00:16:36,850 --> 00:16:34,250
compare to that

433
00:16:39,160 --> 00:16:36,860
okay now the South Pole also has a

434
00:16:40,210 --> 00:16:39,170
cyclone and it's much more hurricane

435
00:16:41,710 --> 00:16:40,220
like in the sense that you have

436
00:16:42,850 --> 00:16:41,720
different depths in this this is showing

437
00:16:44,530 --> 00:16:42,860
three different colors for different

438
00:16:46,510 --> 00:16:44,540
levels in the atmosphere red means at

439
00:16:47,920 --> 00:16:46,520
state green is a sill that higher up and

440
00:16:49,480 --> 00:16:47,930
Louie that's high then you can see in

441
00:16:51,250 --> 00:16:49,490
the eye of this it's a deep atmosphere

442
00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:51,260
much like a hurricane feature on the

443
00:16:53,710 --> 00:16:52,370
earth although the scale here is

444
00:16:55,660 --> 00:16:53,720
tremendously different indirect aids on

445
00:16:57,760 --> 00:16:55,670
earth but it seems to have a hurricane

446
00:16:59,440 --> 00:16:57,770
like feature in a fact if you look from

447
00:17:00,970 --> 00:16:59,450
the side you get close like the ISS

448
00:17:02,770 --> 00:17:00,980
people this is the camera people can do

449
00:17:04,329 --> 00:17:02,780
that you see shadows so here you can see

450
00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:04,339
this clouds these clouds are much higher

451
00:17:08,680 --> 00:17:07,010
than the clouds here casting shadows on

452
00:17:10,510 --> 00:17:08,690
the lower cloud that you get a 3d effect

453
00:17:12,189 --> 00:17:10,520
it's really real you're actually seeing

454
00:17:14,199 --> 00:17:12,199
the clouds in three dimension they're so

455
00:17:15,610 --> 00:17:14,209
high up to about 70 kilometers above the

456
00:17:17,199 --> 00:17:15,620
rest of the atmosphere there so we have

457
00:17:19,180 --> 00:17:17,209
this unique cyclone to South Pole looks

458
00:17:20,560 --> 00:17:19,190
a lot like hurricane then we have the

459
00:17:22,570 --> 00:17:20,570
thunderstorms and here's something the

460
00:17:24,820 --> 00:17:22,580
storms that we're seeing at the in the

461
00:17:26,350 --> 00:17:24,830
stem storm alley area about 35 degrees

462
00:17:27,220 --> 00:17:26,360
south it turns out the southern

463
00:17:28,300 --> 00:17:27,230
hemisphere doesn't have all these

464
00:17:29,950 --> 00:17:28,310
features I've been talking about another

465
00:17:32,320 --> 00:17:29,960
name is your donuts and curls but it

466
00:17:34,930 --> 00:17:32,330
does have spendest or mountain and we've

467
00:17:36,700 --> 00:17:34,940
been seeing discharges and the radio

468
00:17:39,310 --> 00:17:36,710
signals like using your AM radio and

469
00:17:41,350 --> 00:17:39,320
we've been seeing discharges off to the

470
00:17:43,360 --> 00:17:41,360
mission almost most of time for the

471
00:17:44,710 --> 00:17:43,370
mission of lightning but you can't see

472
00:17:46,990 --> 00:17:44,720
the light and visually nobody's single

473
00:17:48,880 --> 00:17:47,000
visually however you see strange things

474
00:17:49,480 --> 00:17:48,890
when you go to images and here's a

475
00:17:51,370 --> 00:17:49,490
strange thing

476
00:17:53,560 --> 00:17:51,380
dark clouds hey dark clouds here and a

477
00:17:55,630 --> 00:17:53,570
bright cloud here this bright cloud is

478
00:17:57,370 --> 00:17:55,640
made up of ammonia now we could confirm

479
00:17:58,900 --> 00:17:57,380
that and that our cloud here is dark

480
00:18:01,180 --> 00:17:58,910
throughout the whole spectrum so what is

481
00:18:02,560 --> 00:18:01,190
dark the whole spectrum you might think

482
00:18:04,120 --> 00:18:02,570
of charcoal and that's indeed what we

483
00:18:07,060 --> 00:18:04,130
think it is paper just got published on

484
00:18:09,760 --> 00:18:07,070
this so we think we've got dark charcoal

485
00:18:11,350 --> 00:18:09,770
like stuff upwelling this argument if

486
00:18:13,570 --> 00:18:11,360
you think it's a layer of soot here

487
00:18:15,760 --> 00:18:13,580
which is coming out up and the ammonia

488
00:18:17,570 --> 00:18:15,770
cloud comes out first as you updraft

489
00:18:19,160 --> 00:18:17,580
these things wind up here kind of blows

490
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:19,170
you want to cut around but does it but

491
00:18:22,790 --> 00:18:20,610
beyond the ammonia club beneath the

492
00:18:24,290 --> 00:18:22,800
dwell is a few days later this sort of

493
00:18:26,560 --> 00:18:24,300
dark material which is embedded in the

494
00:18:29,150 --> 00:18:26,570
ice and we think now there's probably a

495
00:18:30,650 --> 00:18:29,160
charcoal like substance sitting down

496
00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:30,660
there all the time in the depths of

497
00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:32,610
Saturn on the 10 bar level very far down

498
00:18:36,110 --> 00:18:34,290
honey on this scale here about 200

499
00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:36,120
kilometers down from the one of our

500
00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:38,010
level and periodically we get these huge

501
00:18:43,070 --> 00:18:39,810
up your ass with thunderstorms powered

502
00:18:44,780 --> 00:18:43,080
by pipe by water some of your that

503
00:18:46,160 --> 00:18:44,790
release of energy brings a stuff up but

504
00:18:48,440 --> 00:18:46,170
we think we get to the black spots so

505
00:18:55,100 --> 00:18:48,450
that's a very recent funny okay

506
00:18:56,510 --> 00:18:55,110
blasting as Aurora okay so we have that

507
00:18:58,640 --> 00:18:56,520
we have these are all right which can be

508
00:19:00,430 --> 00:18:58,650
done by several different instruments we

509
00:19:02,660 --> 00:19:00,440
have Northern Lights basically on

510
00:19:05,480 --> 00:19:02,670
Saturday and here it is with the UV

511
00:19:07,460 --> 00:19:05,490
ultraviolet light side seat of CH and

512
00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:07,470
then we CH 3 plus which is like which is

513
00:19:11,540 --> 00:19:10,110
a chemical that's above in the actually

514
00:19:13,730 --> 00:19:11,550
formation of aerosols two out of this

515
00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:13,740
comes aerosols just like on Jupiter and

516
00:19:17,540 --> 00:19:15,810
we're starting now document this takes a

517
00:19:19,070 --> 00:19:17,550
little bit of effort for our camera to

518
00:19:20,870 --> 00:19:19,080
actually get these types of these types

519
00:19:23,660 --> 00:19:20,880
of observations but do you have an order

520
00:19:24,950 --> 00:19:23,670
right over the hexagon we I don't think

521
00:19:27,170 --> 00:19:24,960
is a coincidence but a lot of people are

522
00:19:28,010 --> 00:19:27,180
thinking I think it's coincidence but a

523
00:19:29,630 --> 00:19:28,020
lot of people thinking maybe of some

524
00:19:31,370 --> 00:19:29,640
cause-and-effect we don't think so this

525
00:19:34,250 --> 00:19:31,380
thing's way up high at my crowbar level

526
00:19:35,900 --> 00:19:34,260
whereas the hexagon is down one to two

527
00:19:36,770 --> 00:19:35,910
or three bars it's done it so I don't

528
00:19:38,390 --> 00:19:36,780
think has any real effect just

529
00:19:39,650 --> 00:19:38,400
coincidence here that you get your

530
00:19:41,510 --> 00:19:39,660
hanging around this but it's very

531
00:19:43,850 --> 00:19:41,520
beautiful picture here of the site of

532
00:19:46,220 --> 00:19:43,860
the the cyclone at the pole in the or

533
00:19:48,320 --> 00:19:46,230
and the hexagon in the aura above it

534
00:19:49,850 --> 00:19:48,330
lingering there so I'm just thinking

535
00:19:51,470 --> 00:19:49,860
this famous picture I think anybody's

536
00:19:54,740 --> 00:19:51,480
seen as I get Steven iceberg in turn

537
00:19:56,180 --> 00:19:54,750
might even of unique view of Saturn

538
00:19:57,800 --> 00:19:56,190
this is SATA right here with the Sun

539
00:19:59,180 --> 00:19:57,810
behind it so it's in eclipse and then

540
00:20:01,970 --> 00:19:59,190
you see the ring shimmering in the

541
00:20:04,700 --> 00:20:01,980
sunlight and if you haven't seen it here

542
00:20:06,110 --> 00:20:04,710
over here is actually us right there and

543
00:20:08,540 --> 00:20:06,120
if you blow it up you can weight

544
00:20:10,400 --> 00:20:08,550
yourself there we are billion miles away

545
00:20:12,470 --> 00:20:10,410
this is a picture taken - unbelievable

546
00:20:14,180 --> 00:20:12,480
seeing the earth basically shimmering

547
00:20:15,950 --> 00:20:14,190
through the rings of Saturn in eclipse

548
00:20:17,720 --> 00:20:15,960
so let's not me the most of the iconic

549
00:20:19,490 --> 00:20:17,730
this is the iconic picture I think of

550
00:20:30,040 --> 00:20:19,500
the mission so far so go ahead at the

551
00:20:35,180 --> 00:20:33,590
there will be opportunity to ask

552
00:20:36,860 --> 00:20:35,190
questions the reason I'm asking all the

553
00:20:39,470 --> 00:20:36,870
speakers to zoom through is so that we

554
00:20:45,080 --> 00:20:39,480
can have a really nice long Q&A section

555
00:20:46,730 --> 00:20:45,090
after this so thank you and I talked

556
00:20:49,070 --> 00:20:46,740
about this talk Saturn's magnificent

557
00:20:52,010 --> 00:20:49,080
rings because I really think that Saturn

558
00:20:54,440 --> 00:20:52,020
has a great ring system Kevin showed you

559
00:20:56,720 --> 00:20:54,450
the outer gas giant planets all of them

560
00:20:58,310 --> 00:20:56,730
have ring systems but without a doubt

561
00:21:00,799 --> 00:20:58,320
the Saturn ring system is the most

562
00:21:03,290 --> 00:21:00,809
extensive and I think in many ways the

563
00:21:05,060 --> 00:21:03,300
most beautiful the Rings have very

564
00:21:07,460 --> 00:21:05,070
simple names they're just the letters of

565
00:21:08,930 --> 00:21:07,470
the alphabet and that we've gotten a

566
00:21:10,820 --> 00:21:08,940
little bit more creative with Cassini as

567
00:21:12,799 --> 00:21:10,830
we've discovered new rings we tend to if

568
00:21:14,840 --> 00:21:12,809
they're affiliated with moons and named

569
00:21:16,490 --> 00:21:14,850
them after the motors but here if you

570
00:21:19,360 --> 00:21:16,500
look through a telescope the main rings

571
00:21:21,830 --> 00:21:19,370
that you would see would be ABCD and

572
00:21:24,260 --> 00:21:21,840
perhaps even with a good telescope a

573
00:21:25,760 --> 00:21:24,270
chance to see the Cassini division there

574
00:21:27,530 --> 00:21:25,770
are other rings that Saturn as well

575
00:21:29,299 --> 00:21:27,540
there's a very narrow effort you can

576
00:21:31,580 --> 00:21:29,309
just see it in this image here just

577
00:21:34,820 --> 00:21:31,590
outside the edge of the a ring we've got

578
00:21:36,710 --> 00:21:34,830
the G ring very extensive earring we've

579
00:21:38,810 --> 00:21:36,720
also over the course of the Cassini

580
00:21:41,480 --> 00:21:38,820
mission discovered a host of tiny new

581
00:21:44,060 --> 00:21:41,490
moons like Pauline that has a ring

582
00:21:45,140 --> 00:21:44,070
associated with it or anthe and one

583
00:21:46,820 --> 00:21:45,150
thing I heard that's kind of interesting

584
00:21:49,490 --> 00:21:46,830
when we were discovering these tiny

585
00:21:51,560 --> 00:21:49,500
moons they often seem to have rings and

586
00:21:53,750 --> 00:21:51,570
one analogy might be when you when you

587
00:21:56,750 --> 00:21:53,760
see a dog a dog often has fleas so if

588
00:22:01,900 --> 00:21:56,760
you think of the tiny moons like little

589
00:22:07,310 --> 00:22:04,970
for scale that the saturd plus its rings

590
00:22:09,290 --> 00:22:07,320
is is really a huge system

591
00:22:11,540 --> 00:22:09,300
this shows Saturn the earth and the moon

592
00:22:13,850 --> 00:22:11,550
to scale in the distance between them is

593
00:22:16,310 --> 00:22:13,860
to scale as well and you can see that

594
00:22:19,070 --> 00:22:16,320
you can just neatly fit Saturn plus the

595
00:22:21,380 --> 00:22:19,080
Rings in between the earth and the moon

596
00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:21,390
and the Rings are made primarily of

597
00:22:26,570 --> 00:22:23,610
water ice and we as we've learned with

598
00:22:29,060 --> 00:22:26,580
Cassini those water ice particles tend

599
00:22:31,850 --> 00:22:29,070
to clump into pulpy structures

600
00:22:33,920 --> 00:22:31,860
especially in the a and the B rings they

601
00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:33,930
range in size and the main rings from

602
00:22:39,500 --> 00:22:37,050
Marble sizes up to large houses and even

603
00:22:41,030 --> 00:22:39,510
mountain sized particles and so one of

604
00:22:42,620 --> 00:22:41,040
the neat news discoveries with Cassini

605
00:22:45,380 --> 00:22:42,630
as effect of these particles tend to

606
00:22:47,840 --> 00:22:45,390
clump up if you go back and before

607
00:22:50,630 --> 00:22:47,850
Voyager before Cassini there was another

608
00:22:56,230 --> 00:22:50,640
very interesting idea about what's an

609
00:23:00,020 --> 00:22:56,240
injury ever wonder where you're sitting

610
00:23:04,130 --> 00:23:00,030
Milton lax now you know might be part of

611
00:23:05,990 --> 00:23:04,140
Saturn trees this is a movie of the

612
00:23:08,180 --> 00:23:06,000
Rings it's starting on the lit side you

613
00:23:10,580 --> 00:23:08,190
can see the a ring Cassini division and

614
00:23:15,050 --> 00:23:10,590
V ring let's see if we can get it to

615
00:23:16,940 --> 00:23:15,060
play here there it goes and this is some

616
00:23:20,090 --> 00:23:16,950
pictures taken by the Cassini spacecraft

617
00:23:22,430 --> 00:23:20,100
as we're flying we were fun as we're

618
00:23:24,770 --> 00:23:22,440
trying to fly through the rings edge on

619
00:23:29,450 --> 00:23:24,780
and you'll go through see the man John I

620
00:23:29,460 --> 00:23:36,080
give up one more shot

621
00:23:40,490 --> 00:23:38,360
okay well as you go through what you'll

622
00:23:42,080 --> 00:23:40,500
see is this optically what you would

623
00:23:44,270 --> 00:23:42,090
have seen is this optically thick B ring

624
00:23:45,830 --> 00:23:44,280
becomes very dark there's a little bit

625
00:23:48,140 --> 00:23:45,840
of material here in the Cassini division

626
00:23:49,760 --> 00:23:48,150
and that brightens up it's really kind

627
00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:49,770
of fun just to write along with the

628
00:23:56,150 --> 00:23:52,650
Cassini spacecraft and watch as well as

629
00:23:57,860 --> 00:23:56,160
we go by the Rings now the big event was

630
00:23:59,840 --> 00:23:57,870
the equinox and so I'm going to spend

631
00:24:01,010 --> 00:23:59,850
some time you saw some of these images

632
00:24:04,250 --> 00:24:01,020
that you are here for the virtual

633
00:24:06,290 --> 00:24:04,260
singers this is a mosaic of 75 frames

634
00:24:09,020 --> 00:24:06,300
put together through a series of filters

635
00:24:10,970 --> 00:24:09,030
so we can have a colored image and this

636
00:24:13,070 --> 00:24:10,980
is what Saturn in the ring system looks

637
00:24:15,710 --> 00:24:13,080
like with the Sun just edged on to the

638
00:24:18,740 --> 00:24:15,720
race now this event occurs only once

639
00:24:20,570 --> 00:24:18,750
every 15 years and we were very lucky to

640
00:24:22,370 --> 00:24:20,580
have the Cassini spacecraft there we

641
00:24:24,500 --> 00:24:22,380
were in an orbit of inclined about 20

642
00:24:26,240 --> 00:24:24,510
degrees be able to look at the Rings

643
00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:26,250
because when the Rings are edged on with

644
00:24:29,990 --> 00:24:28,410
respect to the Sun they're essentially

645
00:24:32,750 --> 00:24:30,000
edged on with respect to the earth as

646
00:24:34,160 --> 00:24:32,760
well and so it's very difficult to

647
00:24:36,860 --> 00:24:34,170
observe the Rings we got a whole

648
00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:36,870
brand-new data set in just this August

649
00:24:42,380 --> 00:24:40,290
August 11th was Equinox in this series

650
00:24:44,960 --> 00:24:42,390
of frames we've had to brighten up the

651
00:24:46,790 --> 00:24:44,970
Rings by about a factor of 20 if we

652
00:24:48,950 --> 00:24:46,800
didn't do that you they'd basically be

653
00:24:50,900 --> 00:24:48,960
invisible when compared to the light

654
00:24:53,990 --> 00:24:50,910
from the planet we've also had to

655
00:24:56,180 --> 00:24:54,000
brighten up the dark darker region of

656
00:24:58,340 --> 00:24:56,190
the Rings as well what you're seeing now

657
00:25:00,770 --> 00:24:58,350
is the Rings essentially illuminated by

658
00:25:03,560 --> 00:25:00,780
Saturn shine it's as though you've

659
00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:03,570
essentially turned off the sunlight and

660
00:25:07,490 --> 00:25:05,010
you get to see what the rings look like

661
00:25:09,680 --> 00:25:07,500
just in the light coming from the planet

662
00:25:12,770 --> 00:25:09,690
and as you can see going back here

663
00:25:15,320 --> 00:25:12,780
what's brightest edge-on is the F rate

664
00:25:16,790 --> 00:25:15,330
that the F remains bright throughout the

665
00:25:20,420 --> 00:25:16,800
equitable silence at the edge

666
00:25:21,860 --> 00:25:20,430
the Rings just want to show you some

667
00:25:23,450 --> 00:25:21,870
highlights when you can look at the

668
00:25:25,310 --> 00:25:23,460
Rings edge all and what it does is it

669
00:25:27,530 --> 00:25:25,320
gives you a chance to look at the

670
00:25:30,170 --> 00:25:27,540
three-dimensional structure in the race

671
00:25:32,420 --> 00:25:30,180
and anything that sticks up above or

672
00:25:34,550 --> 00:25:32,430
below that that plane of the Rings which

673
00:25:36,710 --> 00:25:34,560
is only about we're thinking on the

674
00:25:38,240 --> 00:25:36,720
order of maybe 10 or it's 230 feet thick

675
00:25:40,700 --> 00:25:38,250
it's not very thick compared to its

676
00:25:42,190 --> 00:25:40,710
extent anything that sticks up above and

677
00:25:44,900 --> 00:25:42,200
below is going to be bright in

678
00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:44,910
particular there's a gap here Yankee gap

679
00:25:49,730 --> 00:25:47,610
a tiny moonlit pan orbits inside of it

680
00:25:52,220 --> 00:25:49,740
and you can see these bright ringlets

681
00:25:54,740 --> 00:25:52,230
have clumped up or actually sticking up

682
00:25:57,140 --> 00:25:54,750
above or in the case of the darker

683
00:25:59,090 --> 00:25:57,150
regions perhaps below the Rings we can

684
00:26:00,280 --> 00:25:59,100
see the clumpiness by looking the Sun

685
00:26:03,080 --> 00:26:00,290
lights coming from this direction

686
00:26:06,230 --> 00:26:03,090
another tiny gap the Anki gap has a

687
00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:06,240
gardening Daphna staff neces orbit is

688
00:26:10,640 --> 00:26:07,890
slightly tilted with respect to the

689
00:26:13,070 --> 00:26:10,650
Rings and it pulls the ring material out

690
00:26:14,960 --> 00:26:13,080
of the plane you also see other places

691
00:26:16,910 --> 00:26:14,970
here's a bending wave a place where

692
00:26:18,710 --> 00:26:16,920
material is lifted above and below the

693
00:26:20,750 --> 00:26:18,720
ring plate and not only is it bright but

694
00:26:21,950 --> 00:26:20,760
it casts a shadow so you can see a

695
00:26:24,710 --> 00:26:21,960
shadow and there are other bright

696
00:26:26,740 --> 00:26:24,720
features in this view as well just want

697
00:26:28,790 --> 00:26:26,750
to zoom in on this area with deafness

698
00:26:30,620 --> 00:26:28,800
what you can see here this is an

699
00:26:32,570 --> 00:26:30,630
enhanced image but you can see the

700
00:26:35,240 --> 00:26:32,580
shadow in this structure that's coming

701
00:26:37,010 --> 00:26:35,250
up perhaps as much as eight miles above

702
00:26:40,430 --> 00:26:37,020
the ring plane in this very narrow

703
00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:42,350
this one a briefly go over some of the

704
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:44,010
key objectives we're looking forward to

705
00:26:49,310 --> 00:26:45,810
the next seven years we'd like to go

706
00:26:51,230 --> 00:26:49,320
from equinox to seven years from now go

707
00:26:53,240 --> 00:26:51,240
to the Solstice out to the Saturn

708
00:26:55,100 --> 00:26:53,250
solstice some of the things we want to

709
00:26:57,590 --> 00:26:55,110
look for our seasonal and temporal

710
00:27:00,170 --> 00:26:57,600
changes how do the Rings change with the

711
00:27:02,390 --> 00:27:00,180
seasons and as time passes there are

712
00:27:04,490 --> 00:27:02,400
these very interesting finger like dusty

713
00:27:06,830 --> 00:27:04,500
spokes they're particles elevated above

714
00:27:09,110 --> 00:27:06,840
the Rings how do they evolve and what's

715
00:27:11,150 --> 00:27:09,120
happening with those understand more

716
00:27:13,760 --> 00:27:11,160
about this micro scale properties and

717
00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:13,770
clumping in the Rings also to understand

718
00:27:16,940 --> 00:27:15,210
about the time variability of these

719
00:27:20,720 --> 00:27:16,950
structures how do they change with time

720
00:27:22,190 --> 00:27:20,730
as you look from years to decades some

721
00:27:24,500 --> 00:27:22,200
new questions we'd like to constrain the

722
00:27:26,150 --> 00:27:24,510
age of the Rings parts of the Rings that

723
00:27:28,130 --> 00:27:26,160
look very young maybe only a hundred

724
00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:28,140
million years old if there are other

725
00:27:32,630 --> 00:27:29,610
parts perhaps there's a renewal process

726
00:27:34,670 --> 00:27:32,640
going on that perhaps the very thickest

727
00:27:36,890 --> 00:27:34,680
earring might be as old as the Saturn

728
00:27:38,750 --> 00:27:36,900
system itself we'd like to get more

729
00:27:41,360 --> 00:27:38,760
information and hopefully be able to

730
00:27:43,070 --> 00:27:41,370
answer that question also understand a

731
00:27:45,410 --> 00:27:43,080
little better how so the neon gaps are

732
00:27:47,540 --> 00:27:45,420
cleared some of these like the gap here

733
00:27:49,070 --> 00:27:47,550
has a tiny moon inside it but other gaps

734
00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:49,080
we've looked and looked and have yet to

735
00:27:53,990 --> 00:27:51,450
find any evidence for moons that are

736
00:27:56,300 --> 00:27:54,000
keeping these gaps open so how are these

737
00:27:58,550 --> 00:27:56,310
gaps kept open we'd like to find out and

738
00:28:00,080 --> 00:27:58,560
then to determine the composition of the

739
00:28:02,690 --> 00:28:00,090
Rings they're mostly water eyes with

740
00:28:03,890 --> 00:28:02,700
their little bits of contaminants in the

741
00:28:05,360 --> 00:28:03,900
Rings and it looks a little bit

742
00:28:07,490 --> 00:28:05,370
different depending on where you look

743
00:28:09,440 --> 00:28:07,500
and which ring look through and so we'd

744
00:28:13,190 --> 00:28:09,450
like a chance to study that even further

745
00:28:15,350 --> 00:28:13,200
and finally this is one of my favorite

746
00:28:17,420 --> 00:28:15,360
pictures it's a unique geometry and you

747
00:28:20,060 --> 00:28:17,430
can only get with a spacecraft like

748
00:28:22,250 --> 00:28:20,070
Cassini or looking at here is that we're

749
00:28:24,290 --> 00:28:22,260
using Saturn to basically block out the

750
00:28:25,760 --> 00:28:24,300
sunlight you can see a little bit of the

751
00:28:27,919 --> 00:28:25,770
sunlight peeking through

752
00:28:29,830 --> 00:28:27,929
around the limb of the planet and it

753
00:28:32,120 --> 00:28:29,840
does a nice job in particular

754
00:28:34,010 --> 00:28:32,130
highlighting the dusty rings imagine

755
00:28:36,169 --> 00:28:34,020
yourself driving on the freeway on an

756
00:28:37,730 --> 00:28:36,179
afternoon with a dusty windshield you

757
00:28:40,430 --> 00:28:37,740
drive into the Sun and suddenly it's

758
00:28:42,380 --> 00:28:40,440
very hard to see is the same effect with

759
00:28:44,720 --> 00:28:42,390
the Rings as the sunlight shines through

760
00:28:46,850 --> 00:28:44,730
the Rings they brighten up just as your

761
00:28:49,250 --> 00:28:46,860
windshield would brighten up if it's if

762
00:28:51,260 --> 00:28:49,260
it's very dusty and this is a unique

763
00:28:53,540 --> 00:28:51,270
picture also as Kevin pointed out in

764
00:28:56,990 --> 00:28:53,550
that tiny square in that square there is

765
00:28:59,570 --> 00:28:57,000
a pale blue dot and that dot is the

766
00:29:02,720 --> 00:28:59,580
earth-moon system and so here's one case

767
00:29:06,830 --> 00:29:02,730
where Cassini is looking back and taking

768
00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:06,840
a picture of half the people on earth so

769
00:29:11,060 --> 00:29:08,970
stay tuned hopefully on Cassini are

770
00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:11,070
there plans to go for another 7 years

771
00:29:15,080 --> 00:29:13,410
and continue to return great pictures

772
00:29:17,540 --> 00:29:15,090
not only of the Rings at the rest of the

773
00:29:19,280 --> 00:29:17,550
Saturn system with that I'd like to turn

774
00:29:33,350 --> 00:29:19,290
over to Tomas to tell you about that

775
00:29:36,320 --> 00:29:33,360
invisible magnetosphere rings Saturn's

776
00:29:38,630 --> 00:29:36,330
magnetosphere is about a few million

777
00:29:42,440 --> 00:29:38,640
times bigger than the planet and Eric's

778
00:29:48,380 --> 00:29:42,450
combined together as a matter of fact it

779
00:29:51,530 --> 00:29:48,390
also implies and and and means that the

780
00:29:53,690 --> 00:29:51,540
universe 99% of the universities across

781
00:29:54,860 --> 00:29:53,700
mistake plasma state means that it's

782
00:30:00,130 --> 00:29:54,870
ionized McKay

783
00:30:02,390 --> 00:30:00,140
so I will be trying to talk about the

784
00:30:06,920 --> 00:30:02,400
magnetosphere which is the plasma

785
00:30:08,870 --> 00:30:06,930
environment of Saturn I would like to

786
00:30:12,890 --> 00:30:08,880
introduce the concept of a magnetosphere

787
00:30:16,220 --> 00:30:12,900
so if you have a magnetic dipole you put

788
00:30:19,160 --> 00:30:16,230
it into a very fast flowing flow in this

789
00:30:21,460 --> 00:30:19,170
case the solar beam which is the plasma

790
00:30:24,140 --> 00:30:21,470
stream very high-speed plasma stream

791
00:30:27,640 --> 00:30:24,150
emanating from the Sun which is

792
00:30:30,470 --> 00:30:27,650
supersonic so much that the Mach number

793
00:30:33,920 --> 00:30:30,480
the speed of the solar wind is about

794
00:30:36,370 --> 00:30:33,930
1020 times higher than the Sun speed in

795
00:30:39,380 --> 00:30:36,380
there in the middle so this is a

796
00:30:43,040 --> 00:30:39,390
supersonic hypersonic bullet which is a

797
00:30:47,330 --> 00:30:43,050
magnet in a in a conducting fluid so

798
00:30:49,870 --> 00:30:47,340
what happens is that the magnet has its

799
00:30:53,570 --> 00:30:49,880
magnetic field lines but the streaming

800
00:30:58,160 --> 00:30:53,580
solar wind compresses the dayside of the

801
00:31:00,350 --> 00:30:58,170
magnetic field and expanse stretches the

802
00:31:03,770 --> 00:31:00,360
night side and the magnetosphere is

803
00:31:05,390 --> 00:31:03,780
basically the region of space that is

804
00:31:07,670 --> 00:31:05,400
dominated by the pantry

805
00:31:09,620 --> 00:31:07,680
distorted planetary magnetic field and

806
00:31:14,540 --> 00:31:09,630
its interaction with the surrounding

807
00:31:21,970 --> 00:31:14,550
medium so at Saturn the distance from

808
00:31:30,490 --> 00:31:24,800
stand of distance which is around here

809
00:31:36,040 --> 00:31:30,500
is about 25 planetary radii which is

810
00:31:39,830 --> 00:31:36,050
huge and on the night side there goes

811
00:31:43,930 --> 00:31:39,840
hundreds and even thousands of 20 radii

812
00:31:52,090 --> 00:31:43,940
for the total volume of the conductor I

813
00:31:59,620 --> 00:31:57,070
thank you so the total volume occupied

814
00:32:01,720 --> 00:31:59,630
by the magnetosphere is millions of

815
00:32:06,340 --> 00:32:01,730
times larger than the volume of the

816
00:32:09,399 --> 00:32:06,350
planet sentence magnetosphere basically

817
00:32:11,830 --> 00:32:09,409
encompasses most of the planetary

818
00:32:15,090 --> 00:32:11,840
satellites and this is a very nice

819
00:32:19,630 --> 00:32:15,100
cartoon made by the Cassini mini team

820
00:32:23,340 --> 00:32:19,640
then is one of the particulate fields

821
00:32:26,260 --> 00:32:23,350
instruments on Cassini and you can see

822
00:32:29,190 --> 00:32:26,270
that the planet and its ring system is

823
00:32:32,320 --> 00:32:29,200
tiny here on the orbits of the various

824
00:32:34,930 --> 00:32:32,330
satellites it is Titan which orbits at

825
00:32:36,519 --> 00:32:34,940
twenty Center later on and then the

826
00:32:41,970 --> 00:32:36,529
magnetic field and the magnetosphere

827
00:32:45,760 --> 00:32:41,980
really extends much much further and

828
00:32:50,100 --> 00:32:45,770
what give us what we study is basically

829
00:32:53,970 --> 00:32:50,110
what is the dynamics and what is the

830
00:32:57,370 --> 00:32:53,980
configuration of this huge magnetosphere

831
00:33:00,370 --> 00:32:57,380
one of the major discoveries of Cassini

832
00:33:04,630 --> 00:33:00,380
was the discovery that Enceladus is

833
00:33:09,010 --> 00:33:04,640
basically the source of a lot of water

834
00:33:11,799 --> 00:33:09,020
vapor coming out is a montage of various

835
00:33:14,700 --> 00:33:11,809
images actually it shows that the curse

836
00:33:16,659 --> 00:33:14,710
in American cinema Leto meter the

837
00:33:20,139 --> 00:33:16,669
instrument that measures the magnetic

838
00:33:22,690 --> 00:33:20,149
field for the first Enceladus flyby

839
00:33:25,120 --> 00:33:22,700
detected a distortion of the magnetic

840
00:33:28,389 --> 00:33:25,130
field which is very firmly indicated

841
00:33:33,510 --> 00:33:28,399
that Enceladus is a source of huge

842
00:33:35,990 --> 00:33:33,520
amount of new plasma the or the next

843
00:33:38,720 --> 00:33:36,000
flyby

844
00:33:42,160 --> 00:33:38,730
the iron neutral mass spectrometer which

845
00:33:46,970 --> 00:33:42,170
measures individual molecules and ions

846
00:33:48,950 --> 00:33:46,980
detected a huge spike of water near and

847
00:33:52,880 --> 00:33:48,960
cylinders you can see that this is a

848
00:33:55,700 --> 00:33:52,890
good order of magnitude increase then

849
00:33:59,000 --> 00:33:55,710
the spacecraft passed the Sun near the

850
00:34:01,430 --> 00:33:59,010
southern pole and then the imaging

851
00:34:04,520 --> 00:34:01,440
instrument the camera looked then this

852
00:34:08,300 --> 00:34:04,530
very famous Cassini bloom was discovered

853
00:34:10,369 --> 00:34:08,310
and this image shows that the

854
00:34:12,619 --> 00:34:10,379
temperatures of the so-called tiger

855
00:34:17,330 --> 00:34:12,629
stripes which are the source of these

856
00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:17,340
guys even on Enceladus and this cartoon

857
00:34:23,360 --> 00:34:20,610
at the end shows that southern region of

858
00:34:25,970 --> 00:34:23,370
Enceladus is the source of a huge plume

859
00:34:28,460 --> 00:34:25,980
that becomes ionized and basically

860
00:34:32,330 --> 00:34:28,470
provides a very large amount of plasma

861
00:34:34,010 --> 00:34:32,340
for the magnetosphere of Center one of

862
00:34:36,200 --> 00:34:34,020
the biggest lessons we learned from

863
00:34:38,710 --> 00:34:36,210
Cassini and this is just another nice

864
00:34:42,020 --> 00:34:38,720
cartoon of Saturn's magnetosphere is

865
00:34:45,379 --> 00:34:42,030
that the center's magnetosphere is

866
00:34:50,510 --> 00:34:45,389
swimming in water and solidus is a major

867
00:34:54,440 --> 00:34:50,520
source of water it's about a thousand

868
00:34:58,580 --> 00:34:54,450
kilograms per second which is quite

869
00:35:01,610 --> 00:34:58,590
comparable to the material ejected from

870
00:35:04,610 --> 00:35:01,620
IO in Jupiter's magnetosphere the rings

871
00:35:08,120 --> 00:35:04,620
about an order of magnitude less 100

872
00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:08,130
kilos Saturn itself is even less so the

873
00:35:15,110 --> 00:35:12,210
major sources are drinks and Enceladus

874
00:35:17,420 --> 00:35:15,120
and this source this plasma source

875
00:35:20,810 --> 00:35:17,430
basically dominates the whole

876
00:35:24,380 --> 00:35:20,820
environment space environment of centre

877
00:35:27,890 --> 00:35:24,390
I also would like to talk a little bit

878
00:35:30,680 --> 00:35:27,900
about the Aurora and some of these

879
00:35:32,630 --> 00:35:30,690
images Carol showed the hexagon and our

880
00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:32,640
on top of each other

881
00:35:42,390 --> 00:35:38,810
Aurora is this blueish circle and

882
00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:42,400
at this hour is a highly spectacular

883
00:35:47,440 --> 00:35:45,170
phenomenon that is created by energetic

884
00:35:50,440 --> 00:35:47,450
particles precipitating from the

885
00:35:52,840 --> 00:35:50,450
magnetosphere and exciting about

886
00:35:55,510 --> 00:35:52,850
molecules and ions in the upper

887
00:35:58,120 --> 00:35:55,520
atmosphere of Earth the basic mechanism

888
00:36:02,740 --> 00:35:58,130
is the same etcetera so we learn a lot

889
00:36:05,890 --> 00:36:02,750
about the atmosphere and about the

890
00:36:12,340 --> 00:36:05,900
ionosphere by studying the Aurora in a

891
00:36:15,160 --> 00:36:12,350
very simple in a very simple analogy we

892
00:36:18,820 --> 00:36:15,170
could say that Aurora is like the

893
00:36:22,000 --> 00:36:18,830
old-fashioned TV screen that images the

894
00:36:24,850 --> 00:36:22,010
whole magnetosphere or or a large part

895
00:36:27,370 --> 00:36:24,860
of the magnetosphere to the screen of

896
00:36:29,620 --> 00:36:27,380
the upper atmosphere and there is a very

897
00:36:32,320 --> 00:36:29,630
strong connection between magnetospheric

898
00:36:37,960 --> 00:36:32,330
phenomena and magnetospheric dynamics

899
00:36:42,030 --> 00:36:37,970
and Aurora and one of the major research

900
00:36:46,090 --> 00:36:42,040
areas which is occupying the Cassini

901
00:36:48,760 --> 00:36:46,100
plasma science teams is the connection

902
00:36:51,030 --> 00:36:48,770
of magnetospheric dynamics to what we

903
00:36:58,270 --> 00:36:51,040
actually observe

904
00:37:00,640 --> 00:36:58,280
adora so they are still working and

905
00:37:04,330 --> 00:37:00,650
friends--the are one of the pioneers of

906
00:37:06,790 --> 00:37:04,340
of institute planetary science said that

907
00:37:09,310 --> 00:37:06,800
in planetary missions half the fun is

908
00:37:12,160 --> 00:37:09,320
just being in orbit and it is very very

909
00:37:13,900 --> 00:37:12,170
true because most of the fun is when you

910
00:37:17,650 --> 00:37:13,910
make new discoveries when you see

911
00:37:20,820 --> 00:37:17,660
something but is unexpected and the

912
00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:20,830
Cassini is full of unexpected results

913
00:37:29,890 --> 00:37:25,610
finally I'd like to show a brief video

914
00:37:32,140 --> 00:37:29,900
is because this basically puts the whole

915
00:37:32,900 --> 00:37:32,150
Cassini mission and the exploration of

916
00:37:36,470 --> 00:37:32,910
the planet

917
00:37:39,529 --> 00:37:36,480
into the solar system perspective this

918
00:37:46,569 --> 00:37:39,539
year earlier we had Michigan work

919
00:37:49,370 --> 00:37:46,579
together it's my talent for phenology

920
00:37:51,670 --> 00:37:49,380
you know when I was a student in in

921
00:37:54,710 --> 00:37:51,680
Hungary and I was in theoretical physics

922
00:37:58,930 --> 00:37:54,720
my professor strictly forbade me from

923
00:38:05,630 --> 00:38:03,230
touching any cause I was so successful

924
00:38:12,289 --> 00:38:05,640
that the traffic lights went out for a

925
00:38:13,809 --> 00:38:12,299
few hours so the earlier this year we

926
00:38:16,880 --> 00:38:13,819
worked with the Hayden Planetarium

927
00:38:22,039 --> 00:38:16,890
invented a new show the new show his

928
00:38:25,279 --> 00:38:22,049
journey to the Stars and it premiered

929
00:38:27,890 --> 00:38:25,289
sometimes early too and they use the

930
00:38:30,950 --> 00:38:27,900
three minutes of our simulations and

931
00:38:34,910 --> 00:38:30,960
visualize them showing the boy solar

932
00:38:37,080 --> 00:38:34,920
system from the Sun to versus enter the

933
00:38:41,640 --> 00:38:37,090
edge of the solar system

934
00:38:45,900 --> 00:38:41,650
and this shows and it's circular because

935
00:38:48,540 --> 00:38:45,910
it shows the projection to the dome it

936
00:38:53,070 --> 00:38:48,550
shows the sun's the visualization of the

937
00:38:56,310 --> 00:38:53,080
solar magnetic field and applies are the

938
00:38:59,250 --> 00:38:56,320
separate surface separating the northern

939
00:39:02,030 --> 00:38:59,260
and southern parts of the solar system

940
00:39:06,120 --> 00:39:02,040
you can see that there is a huge

941
00:39:13,730 --> 00:39:06,130
simulated sort of stored is propagating

942
00:39:23,220 --> 00:39:16,770
and the solar storm is attracting a

943
00:39:26,220 --> 00:39:23,230
diverse ready the sphere then the camera

944
00:39:28,770 --> 00:39:26,230
keeps moving out and and of course it

945
00:39:33,180 --> 00:39:28,780
hurts the solar storm will create in our

946
00:39:43,290 --> 00:39:33,190
aura and mingle or quite strong as we

947
00:39:57,349 --> 00:39:49,240
we are contact the believers and move on

948
00:40:05,660 --> 00:40:02,670
see that the Saturn compared to the

949
00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:05,670
solar system is also a tiny tiny object

950
00:40:12,960 --> 00:40:08,770
centers magnetosphere which is a million

951
00:40:16,319 --> 00:40:12,970
times and we load up our planet and

952
00:40:22,840 --> 00:40:16,329
compasses the product and system and

953
00:40:34,490 --> 00:40:32,600
phenomena and after to the edge of the

954
00:40:41,570 --> 00:40:34,500
forest

955
00:40:41,580 --> 00:40:53,920
system

956
00:41:17,310 --> 00:40:56,059
and

957
00:41:22,480 --> 00:41:17,320
outside the solar system broadcasting

958
00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:22,490
its information at reverse and when you

959
00:41:30,029 --> 00:41:25,010
move even further out you will see the

960
00:41:37,479 --> 00:41:35,229
shorted into the Galactic media so when

961
00:41:39,329 --> 00:41:37,489
you are dealing with magnetospheres the

962
00:41:54,600 --> 00:41:39,339
interplanetary and interstellar medium

963
00:42:00,180 --> 00:41:57,780
and I'd like to finish with this that

964
00:42:14,680 --> 00:42:00,190
Saturn's magnetosphere is huge solar

965
00:42:19,240 --> 00:42:17,810
when we talk to young people a lot of

966
00:42:21,320 --> 00:42:19,250
times you've heard the story that

967
00:42:23,690 --> 00:42:21,330
Saturn's density which is lower than

968
00:42:25,370 --> 00:42:23,700
water if you could have a bathtub large

969
00:42:27,500 --> 00:42:25,380
enough Saturn would float so what I've

970
00:42:29,870 --> 00:42:27,510
learned tonight is that in fact Saturn

971
00:42:33,080 --> 00:42:29,880
is in a bathtub of water which is a very

972
00:42:34,340 --> 00:42:33,090
exciting fourth we have Amanda Hendricks

973
00:42:35,960 --> 00:42:34,350
who is speaking about the moons in my

974
00:42:37,250 --> 00:42:35,970
apologies again I think I just can't

975
00:42:40,100 --> 00:42:37,260
believe that one person could actually

976
00:42:42,020 --> 00:42:40,110
summarize Saturn's moons in seven

977
00:42:44,360 --> 00:42:42,030
minutes so here to do the impossible

978
00:42:50,090 --> 00:42:44,370
I have seven minutes now to talk about

979
00:42:51,560 --> 00:42:50,100
61 minutes so I have to go fast I'm

980
00:42:54,830 --> 00:42:51,570
actually just gonna talk about some of

981
00:42:56,420 --> 00:42:54,840
the highlights here and 61 is a lot of

982
00:42:58,250 --> 00:42:56,430
moves to have which is pretty crazy I

983
00:43:00,200 --> 00:42:58,260
think and it might not even be the

984
00:43:02,720 --> 00:43:00,210
latest number because it seems like it's

985
00:43:07,010 --> 00:43:02,730
increasing all the time as new moons

986
00:43:14,380 --> 00:43:07,020
um get discovered but um let me see here

987
00:43:21,830 --> 00:43:19,790
okay um okay so here's - which the

988
00:43:25,690 --> 00:43:21,840
intermediate most of Saturn's main moon

989
00:43:29,120 --> 00:43:25,700
and looks eerily like the death star of

990
00:43:30,980 --> 00:43:29,130
Tempest also as a death star s quality

991
00:43:36,800 --> 00:43:30,990
to it because both of these moons are

992
00:43:39,770 --> 00:43:36,810
dominated by giant craters Herschel on -

993
00:43:42,050 --> 00:43:39,780
and Odysseus on Tempest and then guy

994
00:43:44,360 --> 00:43:42,060
Oney is kind of the next one out a

995
00:43:47,480 --> 00:43:44,370
little bigger I should say that - and

996
00:43:51,800 --> 00:43:47,490
Tempest are quite small on our scale in

997
00:43:53,900 --> 00:43:51,810
moon because they're about the tenth of

998
00:43:55,190 --> 00:43:53,910
the size of our Earth's moon diana is a

999
00:43:58,310 --> 00:43:55,200
little bit bigger and is characterized

1000
00:43:59,960 --> 00:43:58,320
mainly by these wispy streaks here which

1001
00:44:01,400 --> 00:43:59,970
are actually series of cracks on the

1002
00:44:05,180 --> 00:44:01,410
surface and they're brighter because

1003
00:44:07,700 --> 00:44:05,190
they're big pressure water ices exposed

1004
00:44:09,710 --> 00:44:07,710
there and I should also say that all of

1005
00:44:12,110 --> 00:44:09,720
these moons are dominated by water ice

1006
00:44:14,390 --> 00:44:12,120
on their surfaces and throughout their

1007
00:44:16,160 --> 00:44:14,400
interior and this is kind of expected

1008
00:44:18,710 --> 00:44:16,170
for this part of the solar system water

1009
00:44:20,450 --> 00:44:18,720
ice is plentiful when we start to see

1010
00:44:20,770 --> 00:44:20,460
liquid water and water vapor is where

1011
00:44:23,920 --> 00:44:20,780
thin

1012
00:44:26,320 --> 00:44:23,930
get more surprising Raya is that is

1013
00:44:28,840 --> 00:44:26,330
pretty heavily cratered the largest of

1014
00:44:31,030 --> 00:44:28,850
the inner satellites and interesting in

1015
00:44:34,540 --> 00:44:31,040
its own right because it also exhibits

1016
00:44:38,230 --> 00:44:34,550
wispy terrain like Dai Oni and um you

1017
00:44:40,540 --> 00:44:38,240
know at some point in their past Rand

1018
00:44:44,530 --> 00:44:40,550
Ione probably underwent some sort of

1019
00:44:46,720 --> 00:44:44,540
tectonic activity and then there's

1020
00:44:50,170 --> 00:44:46,730
Hyperion a little farther out in the

1021
00:44:52,690 --> 00:44:50,180
system looks like a spongy potato and is

1022
00:44:55,840 --> 00:44:52,700
in fact very porous which contributes to

1023
00:44:57,610 --> 00:44:55,850
its appearance and it's also reddish

1024
00:45:00,700 --> 00:44:57,620
which is a little bit different from the

1025
00:45:03,010 --> 00:45:00,710
rest of the moons and one of my

1026
00:45:05,530 --> 00:45:03,020
favorites I a pitous which is the

1027
00:45:07,810 --> 00:45:05,540
two-faced moon one hemisphere is very

1028
00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:07,820
very dark and one hemisphere is very

1029
00:45:13,350 --> 00:45:10,010
bright and so it's very bizarre and I

1030
00:45:15,400 --> 00:45:13,360
will come back to a petition a second

1031
00:45:18,040 --> 00:45:15,410
but first we'll talk a little bit about

1032
00:45:23,760 --> 00:45:18,050
some of the small moons just to give you

1033
00:45:26,410 --> 00:45:23,770
a taste Telesto Epimetheus Helene Janus

1034
00:45:29,440 --> 00:45:26,420
Prometheus and Pandora these are some of

1035
00:45:32,170 --> 00:45:29,450
the innermost moon's most of them are

1036
00:45:33,760 --> 00:45:32,180
associated with rings that Linda may

1037
00:45:35,440 --> 00:45:33,770
have mentioned already Prometheus and

1038
00:45:39,310 --> 00:45:35,450
Pandora for instance sort of Shepherd

1039
00:45:41,410 --> 00:45:39,320
that outermost ring that's very that's

1040
00:45:44,980 --> 00:45:41,420
very thin that Linda talked about and

1041
00:45:47,440 --> 00:45:44,990
and they're very small gate or tell us

1042
00:45:49,450 --> 00:45:47,450
there's only about 16 miles across from

1043
00:45:51,250 --> 00:45:49,460
Prometheus and Pandora are only about 50

1044
00:45:54,400 --> 00:45:51,260
miles across so there's a very wide

1045
00:45:57,610 --> 00:45:54,410
range of sizes and then there's a whole

1046
00:46:00,550 --> 00:45:57,620
slew of moons way out way in the outer

1047
00:46:02,800 --> 00:46:00,560
part of the system and these are more

1048
00:46:05,130 --> 00:46:02,810
readily observed and discovered by

1049
00:46:07,900 --> 00:46:05,140
actually ground-based observers and

1050
00:46:09,940 --> 00:46:07,910
they're very small irregular and and

1051
00:46:13,660 --> 00:46:09,950
have irregular orbits - they might

1052
00:46:16,270 --> 00:46:13,670
rotate in a pro grade sense so back to I

1053
00:46:17,800 --> 00:46:16,280
a piteous one of my favorites I said it

1054
00:46:18,970 --> 00:46:17,810
has one hemisphere that's very dark the

1055
00:46:22,900 --> 00:46:18,980
one that's very bright - this is

1056
00:46:23,520 --> 00:46:22,910
obviously the dark hemisphere and this

1057
00:46:34,680 --> 00:46:23,530
is

1058
00:46:36,360 --> 00:46:34,690
a mystery to a certain extent so we have

1059
00:46:38,970 --> 00:46:36,370
some ideas of the processes that are

1060
00:46:41,820 --> 00:46:38,980
happening that there might be a dust

1061
00:46:45,870 --> 00:46:41,830
source of dark material that's actually

1062
00:46:49,020 --> 00:46:45,880
coding the this hemisphere here and

1063
00:46:51,360 --> 00:46:49,030
darkening it but we also think that the

1064
00:46:53,700 --> 00:46:51,370
process of thermal segregation so the

1065
00:46:56,250 --> 00:46:53,710
movement of volatiles and water ice on

1066
00:46:59,670 --> 00:46:56,260
the surface from warm regions to cold

1067
00:47:03,240 --> 00:46:59,680
regions is very important - but we can

1068
00:47:04,920 --> 00:47:03,250
see that Iapetus is a very old surface

1069
00:47:07,230 --> 00:47:04,930
it's very heavily cratered and there are

1070
00:47:10,410 --> 00:47:07,240
these giant craters that are present

1071
00:47:12,660 --> 00:47:10,420
here - and one of the very curious

1072
00:47:15,810 --> 00:47:12,670
things in the entire southern system as

1073
00:47:18,570 --> 00:47:15,820
you may have noticed is this Ridge which

1074
00:47:21,210 --> 00:47:18,580
follows the equator and it almost goes

1075
00:47:23,280 --> 00:47:21,220
all the way around this Ridge it's like

1076
00:47:27,060 --> 00:47:23,290
a theme and it makes Iapetus actually

1077
00:47:31,230 --> 00:47:27,070
even look like a walnut it's very

1078
00:47:33,030 --> 00:47:31,240
bizarre and it's about maybe twelve

1079
00:47:35,220 --> 00:47:33,040
miles wide at some points and about

1080
00:47:38,340 --> 00:47:35,230
eight miles high so it's really abrupt

1081
00:47:42,950 --> 00:47:38,350
and and we don't really understand the

1082
00:47:45,210 --> 00:47:42,960
formation mechanism for that just yet so

1083
00:47:47,940 --> 00:47:45,220
the one satellite that I haven't

1084
00:47:52,650 --> 00:47:47,950
mentioned yet the biggie but it's small

1085
00:47:54,450 --> 00:47:52,660
is Enceladus and this was our view of

1086
00:47:56,640 --> 00:47:54,460
Enceladus back in the Voyager days in

1087
00:47:59,040 --> 00:47:56,650
the early 80s it looks innocuous enough

1088
00:48:02,010 --> 00:47:59,050
doesn't look like anything too much is

1089
00:48:04,170 --> 00:48:02,020
going on there but there's a couple of

1090
00:48:06,180 --> 00:48:04,180
things that um we're interesting and

1091
00:48:09,600 --> 00:48:06,190
that is that we knew that it was very

1092
00:48:12,360 --> 00:48:09,610
bright and it reflects nearly a hundred

1093
00:48:14,520 --> 00:48:12,370
percent of the light that hits it which

1094
00:48:15,810 --> 00:48:14,530
is interesting I'll tell you why but if

1095
00:48:18,660 --> 00:48:15,820
you if you think about it that's very

1096
00:48:21,660 --> 00:48:18,670
very bright because our Moon I think is

1097
00:48:23,490 --> 00:48:21,670
pretty bright and it only reflects about

1098
00:48:25,140 --> 00:48:23,500
ten percent of the light if you think

1099
00:48:27,870 --> 00:48:25,150
about something reflecting 100% of the

1100
00:48:30,210 --> 00:48:27,880
light that is bright and it's in its

1101
00:48:33,010 --> 00:48:30,220
water ice so like snow it's very bright

1102
00:48:36,520 --> 00:48:33,020
but the other curious thing that we

1103
00:48:38,470 --> 00:48:36,530
early on about Enceladus is that it

1104
00:48:42,550 --> 00:48:38,480
isn't very cratered and you can see that

1105
00:48:44,350 --> 00:48:42,560
for instance in this region here there's

1106
00:48:45,760 --> 00:48:44,360
very few craters and there's even sort

1107
00:48:49,030 --> 00:48:45,770
of this folded terrain that's

1108
00:48:52,020 --> 00:48:49,040
interesting but if if a body in the

1109
00:48:54,820 --> 00:48:52,030
solar system is not very cratered and

1110
00:48:56,530 --> 00:48:54,830
especially if it's also very bright then

1111
00:49:01,720 --> 00:48:56,540
that tells us that it's curious because

1112
00:49:03,970 --> 00:49:01,730
generally bodies moons even planets as

1113
00:49:06,160 --> 00:49:03,980
they evolve an age will tend to

1114
00:49:09,910 --> 00:49:06,170
accumulate craters and accumulate dark

1115
00:49:11,590 --> 00:49:09,920
material meteoritic bombardment and so

1116
00:49:13,330 --> 00:49:11,600
forth will create craters and add dark

1117
00:49:16,359 --> 00:49:13,340
materials so things tend to get darker

1118
00:49:19,660 --> 00:49:16,369
and more cratered and so we look at a

1119
00:49:20,920 --> 00:49:19,670
body like our moon and it's pretty dark

1120
00:49:23,680 --> 00:49:20,930
and heavily cratered and it's

1121
00:49:25,560 --> 00:49:23,690
geologically very old but this was a

1122
00:49:29,109 --> 00:49:25,570
clue that Enceladus is geologically

1123
00:49:32,890 --> 00:49:29,119
young and perhaps currently active and

1124
00:49:37,450 --> 00:49:32,900
sure enough Cassini discovered geologic

1125
00:49:39,280 --> 00:49:37,460
activity on Enceladus in well 2005 but

1126
00:49:42,099 --> 00:49:39,290
this actually came the images actually

1127
00:49:43,960 --> 00:49:42,109
came a bit later Thomas sort of alluded

1128
00:49:45,609 --> 00:49:43,970
to some of the measurements that were

1129
00:49:47,920 --> 00:49:45,619
made that actually discovered the

1130
00:49:49,450 --> 00:49:47,930
activity and this is one of the exciting

1131
00:49:51,550 --> 00:49:49,460
things about Cassini that there's 12

1132
00:49:53,650 --> 00:49:51,560
instruments on board and nearly all of

1133
00:49:56,800 --> 00:49:53,660
them contributed some little piece to

1134
00:50:00,460 --> 00:49:56,810
this whole discovery of activity on

1135
00:50:01,990 --> 00:50:00,470
Enceladus so that was pretty neat 20

1136
00:50:04,270 --> 00:50:02,000
right there's a giant plume with a South

1137
00:50:06,040 --> 00:50:04,280
Pole of Enceladus and it's made up of

1138
00:50:10,000 --> 00:50:06,050
these individual jets that you can see

1139
00:50:13,210 --> 00:50:10,010
that eject water vapor and water ice

1140
00:50:15,490 --> 00:50:13,220
grains and some other vapors such as

1141
00:50:19,210 --> 00:50:15,500
ammonia and hydrocarbons out from the

1142
00:50:20,590 --> 00:50:19,220
interior of the body so I said it's

1143
00:50:24,580 --> 00:50:20,600
centered on the South Pole the South

1144
00:50:27,580 --> 00:50:24,590
Pole is about right here and when you

1145
00:50:29,410 --> 00:50:27,590
look at the surface like this um it does

1146
00:50:32,740 --> 00:50:29,420
look interesting so it's got these what

1147
00:50:35,440 --> 00:50:32,750
so-called tiger stripes this is a kind

1148
00:50:37,300 --> 00:50:35,450
of an enhanced color image here and it

1149
00:50:39,070 --> 00:50:37,310
turns out that you know that's really

1150
00:50:41,210 --> 00:50:39,080
where all the action is there's

1151
00:50:44,870 --> 00:50:41,220
fractures on the surface

1152
00:50:47,480 --> 00:50:44,880
that are actually hot so this is from

1153
00:50:51,770 --> 00:50:47,490
the long wavelength infrared camera on

1154
00:50:53,720 --> 00:50:51,780
Cassini that is showing that you know we

1155
00:50:55,339 --> 00:50:53,730
knew going into this from the earlier

1156
00:50:57,740 --> 00:50:55,349
flybys that the South Pole had a hot

1157
00:51:00,440 --> 00:50:57,750
spot but now we actually know that heat

1158
00:51:03,950 --> 00:51:00,450
is actually coming from those fractures

1159
00:51:06,859 --> 00:51:03,960
and we also know that the Jets the Jets

1160
00:51:11,270 --> 00:51:06,869
sources are located along these hot

1161
00:51:13,580 --> 00:51:11,280
fractures so we still have questions we

1162
00:51:15,260 --> 00:51:13,590
still don't know exactly why it would

1163
00:51:17,660 --> 00:51:15,270
why would there would be this much heat

1164
00:51:21,200 --> 00:51:17,670
and what the exact source of the plume

1165
00:51:22,490 --> 00:51:21,210
is and we have a pretty good idea that

1166
00:51:26,180 --> 00:51:22,500
we need some amount of liquid water

1167
00:51:28,520 --> 00:51:26,190
under the surface but how could how that

1168
00:51:31,430 --> 00:51:28,530
water can be kept liquid at such a tiny

1169
00:51:33,050 --> 00:51:31,440
body and so far out in the solar system

1170
00:51:37,190 --> 00:51:33,060
where everything should just be frozen

1171
00:51:39,290 --> 00:51:37,200
it's really quite a good mystery so the

1172
00:51:42,560 --> 00:51:39,300
plume extends very high we've seen this

1173
00:51:44,480 --> 00:51:42,570
image before material a lot of the

1174
00:51:47,750 --> 00:51:44,490
material falls back onto the surface but

1175
00:51:51,560 --> 00:51:47,760
some of it is lost and ejected out into

1176
00:51:53,810 --> 00:51:51,570
the system and so a well I'll end

1177
00:51:57,320 --> 00:51:53,820
actually with this image right here that

1178
00:52:00,290 --> 00:51:57,330
shows the effect of Enceladus and its

1179
00:52:03,859 --> 00:52:00,300
activity it actually creates the e-ring

1180
00:52:07,820 --> 00:52:03,869
that Linda and I think Kevin showed very

1181
00:52:11,210 --> 00:52:07,830
nice images of that is a giant ring in a

1182
00:52:14,030 --> 00:52:11,220
system and it actually plays an

1183
00:52:16,280 --> 00:52:14,040
important role for adding water into the

1184
00:52:20,810 --> 00:52:16,290
system that makes the Seanie and saturn

1185
00:52:22,520 --> 00:52:20,820
swim in the system and for creating an

1186
00:52:24,740 --> 00:52:22,530
environment in which the other moon's

1187
00:52:27,140 --> 00:52:24,750
orbit that affects their surface

1188
00:52:30,890 --> 00:52:27,150
composition as well and other effects -

1189
00:52:32,780 --> 00:52:30,900
so here's little Enceladus just just

1190
00:52:35,660 --> 00:52:32,790
ejecting material away and just

1191
00:52:38,750 --> 00:52:35,670
activists can be and creating this broad

1192
00:52:51,390 --> 00:52:38,760
earring so it's a fascinating object

1193
00:52:59,260 --> 00:52:54,490
lastly to talk about the king of the

1194
00:53:10,210 --> 00:52:59,270
moons I can call it that uh Saturn there

1195
00:53:11,800 --> 00:53:10,220
we are okay thank you Laura by the way I

1196
00:53:13,600 --> 00:53:11,810
like that picture you had it in the

1197
00:53:22,420 --> 00:53:13,610
introduction I was struck by how much

1198
00:53:28,050 --> 00:53:22,430
Amanda and I we are identical twins so

1199
00:53:36,340 --> 00:53:31,090
it's past my bedtime how many people are

1200
00:53:40,150 --> 00:53:36,350
up past there but I have a newsflash for

1201
00:53:43,830 --> 00:53:40,160
all of you in fact Oh someone remembers

1202
00:53:46,600 --> 00:53:43,840
the summer of 2008 there's lashes yeah

1203
00:53:49,810 --> 00:53:46,610
it's actually good and that news flash

1204
00:53:52,120 --> 00:53:49,820
is that Titan is should not be thought

1205
00:53:55,030 --> 00:53:52,130
of as a moon of Saturn it really needs

1206
00:53:57,640 --> 00:53:55,040
to be thought of as its own world it

1207
00:54:02,200 --> 00:53:57,650
really is a world and this is something

1208
00:54:04,210 --> 00:54:02,210
that Cassini and Huygens have shown us

1209
00:54:07,150 --> 00:54:04,220
one of the major discoveries of this

1210
00:54:10,570 --> 00:54:07,160
mission is in spite of the fact that

1211
00:54:14,080 --> 00:54:10,580
Titan orbits Saturn it really in in

1212
00:54:15,880 --> 00:54:14,090
always is is very much like a planet

1213
00:54:18,280 --> 00:54:15,890
it's the size of a planet it's bigger

1214
00:54:20,380 --> 00:54:18,290
than the planet Mercury it has a dense

1215
00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:20,390
atmosphere that atmosphere was actually

1216
00:54:26,440 --> 00:54:23,210
discovered almost 60 years ago from

1217
00:54:29,440 --> 00:54:26,450
telescopes on the earth and in fact in

1218
00:54:32,770 --> 00:54:29,450
this picture we very rarely get to see

1219
00:54:34,540 --> 00:54:32,780
pictures of planetary objects with stars

1220
00:54:36,460 --> 00:54:34,550
behind them this is one of the reasons

1221
00:54:38,110 --> 00:54:36,470
why some of our friends absolutely

1222
00:54:40,180 --> 00:54:38,120
insist that all these pictures have been

1223
00:54:42,100 --> 00:54:40,190
faked because there are no stars on the

1224
00:54:44,440 --> 00:54:42,110
back but in fact what you have to

1225
00:54:46,550 --> 00:54:44,450
recognize is when the sun is shining on

1226
00:54:48,650 --> 00:54:46,560
a planet or a moon or

1227
00:54:50,570 --> 00:54:48,660
whatever that light is so bright that

1228
00:54:52,760 --> 00:54:50,580
you can't capture the stars behind it

1229
00:54:55,970 --> 00:54:52,770
even in the vacuum of space the contrast

1230
00:54:59,000 --> 00:54:55,980
is just too great so Titan is shown here

1231
00:55:01,460 --> 00:54:59,010
in this image being illuminated by

1232
00:55:03,770 --> 00:55:01,470
Saturn and by Saturn's rings that's in

1233
00:55:06,170 --> 00:55:03,780
the shadow it's in eclipse it's in night

1234
00:55:08,240 --> 00:55:06,180
time and so we can see the stars behind

1235
00:55:10,730 --> 00:55:08,250
it and it's a long exposure so those

1236
00:55:12,680 --> 00:55:10,740
stars are scared a little bit but this

1237
00:55:17,930 --> 00:55:12,690
is a world that happens to be around

1238
00:55:20,060 --> 00:55:17,940
another world namely Saturn so for

1239
00:55:24,260 --> 00:55:20,070
centuries three centuries ago Titan was

1240
00:55:27,080 --> 00:55:24,270
discovered and much about it was not

1241
00:55:30,290 --> 00:55:27,090
known the atmosphere was discovered

1242
00:55:33,140 --> 00:55:30,300
fifty years ago Voyager 1 flew by in

1243
00:55:35,300 --> 00:55:33,150
1980 and found that this atmosphere is

1244
00:55:38,570 --> 00:55:35,310
very dense in fact at the surface of

1245
00:55:40,580 --> 00:55:38,580
Titan the air is four times denser than

1246
00:55:42,440 --> 00:55:40,590
the air in this room believe it or not

1247
00:55:45,530 --> 00:55:42,450
after all these talks the air may seem

1248
00:55:48,260 --> 00:55:45,540
very dense four times denser than the

1249
00:55:50,030 --> 00:55:48,270
air in this room and yet Titan is not

1250
00:55:52,340 --> 00:55:50,040
the size of the earth it's only the size

1251
00:55:54,410 --> 00:55:52,350
of mercury so it's gravity is about that

1252
00:55:57,170 --> 00:55:54,420
of our own moon it holds an atmosphere

1253
00:56:00,590 --> 00:55:57,180
because it's so far from the Sun that

1254
00:56:02,170 --> 00:56:00,600
everything is cold it's minus 290

1255
00:56:05,350 --> 00:56:02,180
Fahrenheit at the surface and that

1256
00:56:08,540 --> 00:56:05,360
allows Titan to hold on to an atmosphere

1257
00:56:10,580 --> 00:56:08,550
where as bodies about the same size for

1258
00:56:12,680 --> 00:56:10,590
example mercury could not do that

1259
00:56:15,830 --> 00:56:12,690
because mercury is just too close to the

1260
00:56:19,700 --> 00:56:15,840
Sun but the surface of Titan has been a

1261
00:56:21,800 --> 00:56:19,710
mystery and it was finally revealed in a

1262
00:56:24,350 --> 00:56:21,810
way that is really spectacular one of

1263
00:56:27,050 --> 00:56:24,360
the things about this mission is that

1264
00:56:29,900 --> 00:56:27,060
Cassini has the capability to smell and

1265
00:56:32,960 --> 00:56:29,910
taste as well as to see things but it

1266
00:56:35,570 --> 00:56:32,970
also actually deployed a very very heavy

1267
00:56:38,300 --> 00:56:35,580
and complex probe called coils which was

1268
00:56:40,370 --> 00:56:38,310
built by the European Space Agency which

1269
00:56:43,520 --> 00:56:40,380
actually descended to the surface of

1270
00:56:47,130 --> 00:56:43,530
Titan and it carried a son symphonic

1271
00:56:52,810 --> 00:56:49,720
and haven't your trip of several weeks

1272
00:56:55,540 --> 00:56:52,820
in January of 2005

1273
00:56:57,850 --> 00:56:55,550
if plunged at hypersonic speed into the

1274
00:57:00,640 --> 00:56:57,860
atmosphere of Titan landed on the

1275
00:57:02,710 --> 00:57:00,650
surface took images made chemical

1276
00:57:05,020 --> 00:57:02,720
measurements that boy that one by fast

1277
00:57:08,380 --> 00:57:05,030
let's do that on my computer ok well

1278
00:57:10,930 --> 00:57:08,390
that's good so if you put together all

1279
00:57:12,910 --> 00:57:10,940
of the images that the Huygens probe

1280
00:57:15,670 --> 00:57:12,920
took is it parachuted through the

1281
00:57:18,820 --> 00:57:15,680
atmosphere you see this very strange

1282
00:57:21,850 --> 00:57:18,830
surreal landscape and this is actually a

1283
00:57:24,430 --> 00:57:21,860
mosaic of images that averaged out to an

1284
00:57:26,140 --> 00:57:24,440
altitude of between thirty and forty

1285
00:57:28,750 --> 00:57:26,150
thousand feet so this is really a

1286
00:57:30,610 --> 00:57:28,760
jetliner view of the region of Titan

1287
00:57:34,300 --> 00:57:30,620
where the plugins probe landed the probe

1288
00:57:36,820 --> 00:57:34,310
actually landed just about in here these

1289
00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:36,830
are dune fields in the background about

1290
00:57:43,690 --> 00:57:40,010
15 miles away and yes the air is very

1291
00:57:45,430 --> 00:57:43,700
very hazy and cloudy the dune fields are

1292
00:57:47,140 --> 00:57:45,440
not dunes of sand they're dunes of

1293
00:57:49,300 --> 00:57:47,150
organic material we know that from

1294
00:57:52,150 --> 00:57:49,310
instruments on the Cassini orbiter this

1295
00:57:54,190 --> 00:57:52,160
is a hill of ice that's about a thousand

1296
00:57:56,380 --> 00:57:54,200
feet high not a very impressive mountain

1297
00:57:58,270 --> 00:57:56,390
but there aren't very many mountains on

1298
00:58:00,250 --> 00:57:58,280
Titan and then there are these

1299
00:58:03,100 --> 00:58:00,260
interesting landforms that are actually

1300
00:58:05,890 --> 00:58:03,110
debris fields of material that has come

1301
00:58:09,670 --> 00:58:05,900
down from these hills and in fact with

1302
00:58:11,380 --> 00:58:09,680
images that are higher resolution from

1303
00:58:14,020 --> 00:58:11,390
the camera on the Logans probe we see

1304
00:58:16,900 --> 00:58:14,030
fracture systems that seem to be filled

1305
00:58:19,150 --> 00:58:16,910
with some dark material we see these

1306
00:58:20,890 --> 00:58:19,160
valley networks that are small this is

1307
00:58:22,810 --> 00:58:20,900
an area a couple of miles across and

1308
00:58:25,090 --> 00:58:22,820
then down at the landing site these

1309
00:58:27,010 --> 00:58:25,100
rounded pebbles when you put all of

1310
00:58:30,340 --> 00:58:27,020
these things together what you realize

1311
00:58:34,900 --> 00:58:30,350
is that this landscape has been modified

1312
00:58:36,880 --> 00:58:34,910
by flowing liquid now minus 290

1313
00:58:40,500 --> 00:58:36,890
Fahrenheit it's not going to be liquid

1314
00:58:43,270 --> 00:58:40,510
water right because water freezes at 32

1315
00:58:45,680 --> 00:58:43,280
into the instrument and there's even a

1316
00:58:49,069 --> 00:58:45,690
dew drop of methane formed on the

1317
00:58:51,400 --> 00:58:49,079
so methane is carving these channels

1318
00:58:54,589 --> 00:58:51,410
welling up through these fractures and

1319
00:58:56,990 --> 00:58:54,599
through these river systems tumbling and

1320
00:58:59,960 --> 00:58:57,000
smoothing these rocks probably rocks of

1321
00:59:03,410 --> 00:58:59,970
water ice down by the landing site and

1322
00:59:05,230 --> 00:59:03,420
so whereas we have a water hydrologic

1323
00:59:07,520 --> 00:59:05,240
cycle on the earth there's a methane

1324
00:59:09,289 --> 00:59:07,530
hydrologic cycle on Titan now where's

1325
00:59:11,210 --> 00:59:09,299
all this methane coming from well we

1326
00:59:14,480 --> 00:59:11,220
don't know but one of the other

1327
00:59:17,089 --> 00:59:14,490
important discoveries by Cassini now

1328
00:59:19,279 --> 00:59:17,099
from the orbiter was of a series of

1329
00:59:21,260 --> 00:59:19,289
lakes at the South Pole and the North

1330
00:59:24,170 --> 00:59:21,270
Pole of Titan this is the North Pole of

1331
00:59:27,109 --> 00:59:24,180
Titan the background image is the camera

1332
00:59:29,779 --> 00:59:27,119
system on Cassini the foreground images

1333
00:59:32,240 --> 00:59:29,789
are strips from a radar system which

1334
00:59:33,950 --> 00:59:32,250
also emphasized the International aspect

1335
00:59:37,520 --> 00:59:33,960
of this mission because the radar is a

1336
00:59:41,859 --> 00:59:37,530
joint us Italian experiment that was

1337
00:59:46,160 --> 00:59:41,869
built as my alarm it's time to go to bed

1338
00:59:48,559 --> 00:59:46,170
and so what the radar system which was

1339
00:59:50,870 --> 00:59:48,569
built by Ozzie and Italy of JPL here in

1340
00:59:54,260 --> 00:59:50,880
the US revealed where these dark areas

1341
00:59:56,240 --> 00:59:54,270
very very dark very smooth in a

1342
00:59:59,180 --> 00:59:56,250
landscape which looks like it's been

1343
01:00:01,430 --> 00:59:59,190
carved again by channels and all of the

1344
01:00:04,309 --> 01:00:01,440
evidence that we have from the

1345
01:00:06,829 --> 01:00:04,319
instruments on Cassini is that these are

1346
01:00:08,930 --> 01:00:06,839
filled with liquid that they are basins

1347
01:00:11,029 --> 01:00:08,940
filled with liquid the dark areas the

1348
01:00:12,980 --> 01:00:11,039
biggest ones the biggest one in fact is

1349
01:00:15,319 --> 01:00:12,990
larger than the Caspian Sea on the earth

1350
01:00:19,640 --> 01:00:15,329
the smaller ones you see here are a few

1351
01:00:21,680 --> 01:00:19,650
miles across and unfortunately we can't

1352
01:00:24,140 --> 01:00:21,690
go and touch them and taste them logan's

1353
01:00:26,960 --> 01:00:24,150
probe ended up at the equator these are

1354
01:00:28,940 --> 01:00:26,970
at the poles but we're getting more and

1355
01:00:31,400 --> 01:00:28,950
more data from Cassini on these lakes

1356
01:00:34,000 --> 01:00:31,410
and seas here's one that's in the

1357
01:00:37,039 --> 01:00:34,010
southern hemisphere called Ontario lacus

1358
01:00:38,900 --> 01:00:37,049
which is Latin for Lake Ontario it's

1359
01:00:42,079 --> 01:00:38,910
just about the size of Lake Ontario

1360
01:00:44,630 --> 01:00:42,089
about 170 miles long here's an image

1361
01:00:46,730 --> 01:00:44,640
from the Cassini camera in 2004 now

1362
01:00:49,880 --> 01:00:46,740
watch this image because I'm going to

1363
01:00:52,440 --> 01:00:49,890
switch to a radar image that was taken

1364
01:00:56,610 --> 01:00:52,450
in 2009 five years

1365
01:00:58,530 --> 01:00:56,620
and not only do you see a bit more

1366
01:01:01,230 --> 01:00:58,540
clarity with the radar because it

1367
01:01:05,330 --> 01:01:01,240
penetrates the haze but you also notice

1368
01:01:08,220 --> 01:01:05,340
that the lake has gotten smaller now I

1369
01:01:10,080 --> 01:01:08,230
think and many other my colleagues think

1370
01:01:11,640 --> 01:01:10,090
this is not just in an instrumental

1371
01:01:13,890 --> 01:01:11,650
effect the lake really has gotten

1372
01:01:15,990 --> 01:01:13,900
smaller and why is it gotten smaller

1373
01:01:17,910 --> 01:01:16,000
well in Southern California were used to

1374
01:01:21,690 --> 01:01:17,920
Lakes drying out right you do that only

1375
01:01:23,430 --> 01:01:21,700
time so nothing special in this case the

1376
01:01:27,170 --> 01:01:23,440
southern hemisphere has been in sunlight

1377
01:01:30,600 --> 01:01:27,180
by the time this picture was taken for

1378
01:01:34,500 --> 01:01:30,610
about almost half a Titan orbit 14 years

1379
01:01:36,360 --> 01:01:34,510
it's been through summer Saturn as it

1380
01:01:39,360 --> 01:01:36,370
orbits the Sun has a year that's about

1381
01:01:41,730 --> 01:01:39,370
29 and a half years long so that's the

1382
01:01:43,730 --> 01:01:41,740
year on Titan each season then is a

1383
01:01:46,800 --> 01:01:43,740
little bit more than seven years long

1384
01:01:50,040 --> 01:01:46,810
Cassini arrived in the summer and from

1385
01:01:52,680 --> 01:01:50,050
2004 to 2009 the Sun has been shining on

1386
01:01:54,360 --> 01:01:52,690
these lakes and so we expect this should

1387
01:01:56,730 --> 01:01:54,370
be evaporating and the amount of

1388
01:01:59,550 --> 01:01:56,740
evaporation that one expects over five

1389
01:02:01,890 --> 01:01:59,560
years is just about right - cause the

1390
01:02:04,230 --> 01:02:01,900
shrinkage that we see in this lake in

1391
01:02:06,240 --> 01:02:04,240
fact we know what the topographic

1392
01:02:08,190 --> 01:02:06,250
profile of this lake is because there

1393
01:02:11,370 --> 01:02:08,200
are altimeter measurements from Cassini

1394
01:02:13,440 --> 01:02:11,380
so putting all that together the

1395
01:02:15,150 --> 01:02:13,450
shrinkage of this lake is consistent

1396
01:02:17,490 --> 01:02:15,160
with it being methane and that methane

1397
01:02:19,200 --> 01:02:17,500
is being transported from the South Pole

1398
01:02:21,630 --> 01:02:19,210
to the North Pole now that's not all

1399
01:02:24,120 --> 01:02:21,640
that's in this lake there's a sister

1400
01:02:26,550 --> 01:02:24,130
molecule - methane which is a simple

1401
01:02:29,340 --> 01:02:26,560
organic molecule made of four hydrogen's

1402
01:02:31,680 --> 01:02:29,350
and one carbon its sister molecule is

1403
01:02:34,560 --> 01:02:31,690
called ethane two carbons and six

1404
01:02:36,750 --> 01:02:34,570
hydrogen's it mixes with methane but

1405
01:02:39,660 --> 01:02:36,760
doesn't evaporate the way that methane

1406
01:02:41,940 --> 01:02:39,670
does it gets left behind and ethane was

1407
01:02:43,830 --> 01:02:41,950
actually directly detected by one of the

1408
01:02:47,040 --> 01:02:43,840
Cassini instruments by was called the

1409
01:02:50,160 --> 01:02:47,050
vim spectrometer in Lake Ontario

1410
01:02:50,880 --> 01:02:50,170
so these lakes contain two kinds of

1411
01:02:53,460 --> 01:02:50,890
liquids

1412
01:02:55,260 --> 01:02:53,470
methane and ethane it would be like the

1413
01:02:57,600 --> 01:02:55,270
lakes and oceans on the earth containing

1414
01:02:59,820 --> 01:02:57,610
two kinds of water evaporating water and

1415
01:03:01,860 --> 01:02:59,830
still water but we don't actually have

1416
01:03:05,310 --> 01:03:01,870
that there's no real analogy for that on

1417
01:03:08,340 --> 01:03:05,320
the earth so Titan is Lakes it has

1418
01:03:11,610 --> 01:03:08,350
rivers it has clouds there's evidence

1419
01:03:14,220 --> 01:03:11,620
for rain not only then is Titan one of

1420
01:03:17,580 --> 01:03:14,230
four solid worlds with dense atmospheres

1421
01:03:19,380 --> 01:03:17,590
along with Venus Mars and Earth but it's

1422
01:03:22,140 --> 01:03:19,390
one of only two solid bodies in the

1423
01:03:24,030 --> 01:03:22,150
solar system which have open bodies of

1424
01:03:26,670 --> 01:03:24,040
liquid on their surfaces and therefore

1425
01:03:28,710 --> 01:03:26,680
how the hydrologic cycle and the earth

1426
01:03:30,990 --> 01:03:28,720
is the other one and so for that reason

1427
01:03:35,010 --> 01:03:31,000
we really have to think of Titan as a

1428
01:03:37,470 --> 01:03:35,020
complete and dynamic world so what is

1429
01:03:39,990 --> 01:03:37,480
the future for studying this hydrologic

1430
01:03:42,720 --> 01:03:40,000
system well we are now as you've heard

1431
01:03:45,150 --> 01:03:42,730
at this magic point called Equinox which

1432
01:03:49,230 --> 01:03:45,160
means equal night equal day and night on

1433
01:03:51,510 --> 01:03:49,240
Saturn and Titan that means that the Sun

1434
01:03:53,880 --> 01:03:51,520
has set over the southern polar region

1435
01:03:55,740 --> 01:03:53,890
and the Sun is now beginning to appear

1436
01:03:58,560 --> 01:03:55,750
over the horizon in the north polar

1437
01:04:01,050 --> 01:03:58,570
region where you saw those radar images

1438
01:04:02,910 --> 01:04:01,060
and now the hope is we can begin to see

1439
01:04:04,490 --> 01:04:02,920
the lakes which are actually bigger in

1440
01:04:07,950 --> 01:04:04,500
the northern hemisphere region

1441
01:04:10,920 --> 01:04:07,960
themselves begin to evaporate as we move

1442
01:04:13,290 --> 01:04:10,930
from equinox towards solstice over this

1443
01:04:16,440 --> 01:04:13,300
long seven-year period of what is

1444
01:04:18,180 --> 01:04:16,450
northern hemisphere spring and so

1445
01:04:21,690 --> 01:04:18,190
Cassini will undoubtedly show us

1446
01:04:23,700 --> 01:04:21,700
surprising changes weather and so on in

1447
01:04:25,620 --> 01:04:23,710
the Lakes region in the North we'll

1448
01:04:28,440 --> 01:04:25,630
learn something about how climate works

1449
01:04:30,870 --> 01:04:28,450
on this world a very exotic world where

1450
01:04:34,410 --> 01:04:30,880
rivers of methane run down to a sunless

1451
01:04:36,300 --> 01:04:34,420
sea as alien as any world you could

1452
01:04:39,030 --> 01:04:36,310
imagine in Star Trek or Star Wars

1453
01:04:41,010 --> 01:04:39,040
certainty so a wonderful place to visit